1、四四、文章出处或读者对象题文章出处或读者对象题 (2019 全国，D) Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers. A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward.The researchers then tested how the monke
2、ys combinedor addedthe symbols to get the reward. Heres how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone，who led the team， described the experiment： In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens.On one part of the screen，a symbol would appear，and on the other side two symbols
3、inside a circle were shown.For example，the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8.If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle，they would be rewarded with the sum
4、 of the numbers17 in this example. After running hundreds of tests，the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time，indicating that they were performing a calculation，not just memorizing the value of each combination. When the team examined the results of
5、 the experiment more closely，they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估)a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in valuesometimes choosing，for example，a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6.The underestimation was systematic：When adding two numbers，the monkeys always paid att
6、ention to the larger of the two，and then added only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it. “This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains，” Dr Livingstone says.“But in this experiment what theyre doing is paying more attention to the big number than the lit
7、tle one.” 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。哈佛医学院科学家 Margaret Livingstone 带领他的团队通过反 复实验得出结论：猴子能算算术，且它们对大数值的关注胜过小数值。 32What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them? AThey fed them. BThey named them. CThey trained them. DThey measured them. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段首句“A team of researchers trained three Rhesu
8、s monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 025 drops of water or juice as a reward.”可知答案为 C。 33How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment? ABy drawing a circle. BBy touching a screen. CBy watching videos. DBy mixing two drinks. 答案
9、 B 解析 细节理解题。根据第三段末句“If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle，they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers17 in this example.”可知答案为 B。 34What did Livingstones team find about the monkeys? AThey coul
10、d perform basic addition. BThey could understand simple words. CThey could memorize numbers easily. DThey could hold their attention for long. 答案 A 解析 细节理解题。根据第四段可知，研究人员在进行了数百次测试后发现，猴子多半时候 会选择更高的值，这表明它们是在进行计算，而不仅仅是记忆每个组合的值。故选 A。 35In which section of a newspaper may this text appear? AEntertainment.
11、 BHealth. CEducation. DScience. 答案 D 解析 文章出处题。根据全文可知，本文讲述了科学家们通过科学实验得出猴子能够算算术 的结论。由此可知，该文章可能出现在报纸的科学版上。故选 D。 一、题型解读 几乎所有话题都可能涉及文章出处、文章类别或读者对象题。设问形式常有： (1)This passage would probably/most likely be found in . (2)The passage is probably taken from/out of . (3)Where does the text probably come from? (4
12、)The passage is probably intended for . (5)What type of writing is this passage? 二、解题技巧内容细节巧判断 1利用内容判断文章出处 (1)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称newspaper (2)推销介绍新产品advertisement (3)文章中有 click here 等网络用语website (4)旅游胜地方面的介绍travel guide (5)时尚、名人或娱乐方面的介绍magazine/journal/entertainment section (6)科普知识science report (7)文化教
13、育类文章education section 2利用内容判断文章类别 (1)旅游景点方面的介绍：travel guide (2)新产品/新书/新影片/演出介绍：advertisement (3)活动介绍：notice/announcement (4)文章前面有日期、地点或通讯社名称：news (5)科普知识/研究介绍：science report/study report 3确定读者对象 先确定文章主题，再根据文章具体细节判断读者对象。 例如：【真题感悟】 中第 35 题， 通读整篇文章可知， 该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家 Margaret Livingstone 带领他的研究团队对猴子进行实
14、验得出的研究结果。这属于“科学研究”范畴， 故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”板块。故选 D 项。 A (2019 湖北十堰模拟) You know the feeling that you have left your phone at home and feel anxious，as if you have lost your connection to the world.“Nomophobia”(无手机恐惧症) 8affects teenagers and adults alike.You can even do an online test to see if you have it.La
15、st week，researchers from Hong Kong warned that nomophobia is infecting everyone.Their study found that people who use their phones to store，share and 1access personal memories suffer most.When users were asked to describe how they felt about their phones，words such as “hurt” (neck pain was often rep
16、orted) and “alone” predicted higher levels of nomophobia. “The findings of our study suggest that users regard smartphones as their extended selves and get 2attached to the devices，” said Dr Kim Ki Joon.“People experience feelings of anxiety and unpleasantness when 9separated from their phones.” Mea
17、nwhile，an American study shows that smartphone separation can lead to an increase in heart rate and blood pressure. So can being without your phone really give you separation anxiety？Professor Mark Griffiths， psychologist and director of the International Gaming Research Unit at Nottingham Trent Uni
18、versity，says it is what is on the phone that 4countsthe social networking that creates Fomo (fear of missing out) “We are talking about an Internet- connected device that allows people to deal with lots of aspects of their lives，” says Griffiths.“You would have to surgically remove a phone from a te
19、enager because their whole life is rooted in this device.” 11Griffiths thinks attachment theory，where we develop emotional dependency on the phone because it holds details of our lives， is a small part of nomophobia.For “screenagers”， it is Fomo that creates the most separation anxiety.If they cant
20、see whats happening on Snapchat or Instagram，they become panic- stricken about not knowing whats going on socially.“But they adapt very quickly if you take them on holiday and theres no Internet，” says Griffiths. 语篇解读 本文为说明文。当今社会的许多人成了手机控，只要手机不在身边就会出现无手 机恐惧症，会感到焦虑不安，好像失去了与世界的联系。这是因为人们把智能手机当作存储、 分享和访
21、问他人、与朋友联系的一种工具。 1Which of the following may Dr Kim Ki Joon agree with? AWe waste too much time on phones. BPhones have become part of some users. CAddiction to phones makes memories suffer. DPhones and blood pressure are closely linked. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。 根据第一段第二、 三、 四句， 第二段中的“users regard smartphones a
22、s their extended selves and get attached to the devices”及最后一段第三句可知，现在的手机已成为许 多人生活的一部分了，分析选项可知 B 项符合题意。 2According to Griffiths，we get nomophobia because . Awe are accustomed to having a phone on us Bwe need our phones to help us store information Cwe worry we may miss out what our friends are doing
23、Dwe fear without phones we will run into a lot of trouble 答案 C 解析 推理判断题。根据第三段最后一句中的“.it is what is on the phone that countsthe social networking that creates Fomo (fear of missing out)”可知，社交网络让人们害怕错过朋 友们发的东西，担心不知道朋友在做什么，分析选项可知 C 项正确。 3Where can you probably find the above passage? AIn a research rep
24、ort. BIn a fashion brochure. CIn a science textbook. DIn a popular science magazine. 答案 D 解析 文章出处题。本文主要叙述了当今社会的许多人已成为手机控及他们成为手机控的原 因。有的人只要手机不在身边就会出现无手机恐惧症，感到焦虑不安，好像失去了与世界的 联系，这是因为智能手机是人们存储、分享和访问他人、与朋友联系的一种工具。这种文章 一般会出现在科普杂志上。故选 D 项。 B (2019 山东临沂质检) If you follow these insider tips，your photos will l
25、ook like you had the place to yourself at the popular tourist attractions. Vatican Museums：Vatican City The Vatican draws more than five million people each year，and queues can reach four hours during peak season.Christie Hudson，senior communications manager at Expedia，recommends choosing a 3skip- t
26、he- line tour.“This not only lets you avoid the ticket counter，but also includes the use of a private partner entrance.”Extra time to visit the Sistine Chapel? Yes! Bamboo Forest：Kyoto，Japan Bamboo Forest is the most worthy sight in Kyoto.If youre 10longing to enjoy the pathways and take pictures in
27、 total quietness，Kyoto Arashiyama Travel Guide recommends hitting the famous Bamboo Grove Path as early in the morning as possiblethink 7 am.if youre up for it.Dont miss these hidden treasures you can only 5witness in Japan. Chichen Itza：Yucat n，Mexico Home to El Castillo and the Temple of the Warri
28、ors，Chichen Itza is a must- see.Want to beat the rush? Schedule an early tour that takes place before a site opens to the public.Led by an archaeologist guide，its full of fascinating insights and factswithout tons of pack- wearing tourists. Louvre Museum：Paris，France The Louvre is one of the most po
29、pular museums on the planet.12If waiting around in line to get in isnt the way you prefer to spend your time in Paris，consider 6purchasing a 7reserved ticket.This will give you entry to the pyramid within a half- hour window.The Louvre is also open until 945 pm on Wednesdays and Fridays，if youre up
30、for some late- night art visits. 语篇解读 本文是一则广告。文章介绍了四个旅游景点，提供给“为赶在高峰之前到达的 游客”。 4What is recommended at Vatican Museums by Christie Hudson? AQueuing for four hours. BJumping the waiting line. CTaking a skip- the- line tour. DVisiting the Sistine Chapel. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据 Vatican Museums：Vatican City 的第
31、一、二句“The Vatican draws more than five million people each year，and queues can reach four hours during peak season.Christie Hudson，senior communications manager at Expedia，recommends choosing a skip- the- line tour.”可知答案为 C。 5Which of the following are available for early tourists to avoid the rush?
32、AVatican Museums and Bamboo Forest. BChichen Itza and Bamboo Forest. CBamboo Forest and Louvre Museum. DChichen Itza and Louvre Museum. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。 根据 Bamboo Forest： Kyoto， Japan 中的“Kyoto Arashiyama Travel Guide recommends hitting the famous Bamboo Grove Path as early in the morning as possible”和
33、 Chichen Itza：Yucat n，Mexico 中的“Want to beat the rush? Schedule an early tour that takes place before a site opens to the public.”可知选 B。 6Who might this passage be intended for? AVisitors interested in museums. BGuides at the tourist attractions. CPeople at the ticket counter. DTourists to beat the
34、rush. 答案 D 解析 读者对象题。根据第一段“If you follow these insider tips，your photos will look like you had the place to yourself at the popular tourist attractions.”可知，这篇文章可能是写给“为赶在 高峰之前到达的游客”。故选 D。 .障碍词汇突破 (一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 1In some less developed areas，people are eager to access to medical care.使用 2Thou
35、gh far away from her home，she is very attached to her family and friends.依恋 3What percentage of your classmates regularly skip breakfast，the most important meal of the day？跳过，不做 (二)同义词语替换 4It is not how much you read but what you read that counts.matters/makes a difference 5She had the gift of words
36、 to help her get through the hardship，heartache and major social changes she had to witness firsthand.see 6Tablets are especially useful for college students because students can purchase e- books or digital(数字的) versions of textbooks and store them all in one very portable place.buy 7A double room
37、with a balcony overlooking the sea had been reserved for him.booked (三)一词多义 8affect v影响；使感动；使感染 (1) She was deeply affected by the story shared by the homeless boy.v.使感动 (2)With official aid，those affected by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.v.影响 (3)Diseases affect almost everyone at
38、 some time during their lives.v.使感染 9separate adj.单独的，分开的 v分离；区分；隔开 (1)England is separated from France by the Channel.v.隔开 (2)The capacity to think separates humans from other animals.v.区分 (3)Use separate knives for raw and cooked meat.adj.单独的，分开的 (4)As we joined the big crowd，I got separated from
39、my friends.v.分离 10long adj.长的；长期的 adv.长期地；长久地 v渴望 (1)It didnt take long to repair the table.adv.长期地 (2)Daisy had always longed to help endangered species of wildlife.v.渴望 (3)The agreement should have very positive results in the long term.adj.长期的 .长难句理解 11Griffiths thinks attachment theory，where we
40、develop emotional dependency on the phone because it holds details of our lives，is a small part of nomophobia. 句式分析 本句是主从复合句，主句的谓语动词是 thinks，后面的 attachment theory is.a small part of nomophobia 是宾语从句。在该宾语从句中，where 引导定语从句， 修饰先行词 theory； because 引导原因状语从句， 其中的 holds 表示 “持有”。 精美译文 格里菲斯认为，依恋理论是无手机恐惧症的一小部分
41、。根据依恋理论，我们对 手机产生情感依赖，因为手机掌握着我们生活的细节。 12If waiting around in line to get in isnt the way you prefer to spend your time in Paris， consider purchasing a reserved ticket. 句式分析 本句是主从复合句。if 引导的是条件状语从句，主句是一个祈使句。在该 if 从 句中，waiting around in line to get in 作主语，所以谓语动词需要用单数形式。 精美译文 如果在巴黎逗留时，你不喜欢排队等候进入，那就考虑提前订票
42、。 强化练强化练(十六十六) .阅读理解 A (2019 河南六市一模) While weather forecasters can make fairly accurate predictions，theres always the risk youll be caught out while driving in the rain.But the days of having to quickly close your sunroof could soon be a thing of the past，thanks to Jaguar Land Rovers latest technolo
43、gy. The firm is developing cars that can adapt automatically by closing windows and roofs or starting the heater if they detect bad weather is on the way.The weather forecasting system uses a set of air pressure， humidity(湿度) and light sensors(传感器) to help its vehicles predict changes in conditions
44、and adapt to them.Cars equipped with the system could make slight changes to the air conditioning if it finds the weather is getting warmer during a journey or increase the cabin temperature if it will get colder. The forecast may indicate there is a possibility of one or more weather conditions，suc
45、h as rain，within a period of time，such as five minutes.The vehicle may then adapt to the local weather conditions.In particular，it may close one or more windows，or close a roof of the vehicle in response to a forecast of rain.Similarly，windows could be darkened using electrochromic(电致变 色的) glass to
46、improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast. Although it is unclear whether this technology will make its way to a production vehicle anytime soon，such a system would be advantageous on autonomous vehicles.Since theres no human driver present，the system will allow the vehicle to make it comfor
47、table for its passengers， based on current weather conditions.It can also make the vehicle safer if it knows rain or snow is coming. 语篇解读 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了捷豹路虎公司最新的一项技术，它的天气预报系 统通过传感器来预测天气变化并对车辆自身进行相应的调整。 1How will Jaguar Land Rovers latest technology benefit drivers? AVehicles can automatically drive
48、themselves. BVehicles can find positions and routes themselves. CVehicles can act as mobile weather forecasting stations. DVehicles can open windows and sunroofs automatically. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知，捷豹路虎最新的技术可以让车辆像移动的天气 预报站一样， 帮助车辆预测天气变化并调整车身以适应变化， 从而造福驾驶员。 故 C 选项正确。 2What is the feature of the g
49、lass of a vehicle with the new technology? AIt can help adjust the inside temperature. BIt can still be clear in rainy days. CIt is too strong to break into pieces. DIts colour can change with the sunshine. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据第三段末句“Similarly，windows could be darkened using electrochromic(电致变色的) glass to improve visibility if bright sunshine is forecast.”可知，采用 新技术的汽车玻璃的颜色会随着阳光而改变。故 D 选项正确。 3What can we know about the weather forecasting s
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