1、 高考阅读理解要求考生在规定的时间内完成 4 篇不同体裁、题材的阅读理解题。考生不 仅要能正确理解文章的表层意思，还要能通过表层意思合理地推断出文章的隐含意义。近几 年阅读理解的命题已从对传统知识掌握情况的考查转向对能力的考查，命题者更关注考生用 英语获取信息的能力和处理相关信息的能力。为了帮助考生清楚地了解英语阅读理解题的情 况，下面将具体分析近三年全国卷英语阅读理解题的命题特点： 由以上统计可看出，全国卷对阅读理解的考查文体上以应用文、记叙文、说明文、议论 文为主，题型以细节理解题、推理判断题为主，词义猜测题、主旨大意题较难，所占比例较 少，命题很好地体现了“注重基础，体现层次，有利于选拔
2、人才”的高考命题思想。 一、解题四步法 第一步：扫描题干，划关键定位词，区分题型和预测文章主要内容。 第二步：通读全文，抓住中心。 1通读全文，抓两个重点： (1)段中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题。 (2)其他各段的段首和段尾句。其他部分略读，有重点地读。 2抓住中心，用一分半时间思考 3 个问题： (1)文章叙述的主要内容是什么？ (2)文章中有无提到核心概念？ (3)作者的大致态度是什么？ 第三步：仔细审题，返回原文。 仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩。 定位原则： (1)通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。(关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等) (2)自
3、然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。 要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。 第四步：重叠选项，选出答案。 1通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较 重叠选项，选出答案。 2做题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由。 二、研读答案特征 1正确答案的特征： (1)正确答案经常与中心思想有关。 (2)正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。 (3)正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说和反话正说。 (4)从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的
4、用词。如： can，may， might，possible，not necessarily，some。 (5)正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。 2.错误答案的特征： 第一大层次： (1)无中生有。原文中未提及的概念； (2)正反混淆。选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反； (3)答非所问。虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边。 第二大层次： (1)过分绝对； (2)扩大范围(注意隐蔽型的扩大范围 mostly); (3)因果倒置； (4)常识判断； (5)推得过远； (6)偏离中心。 三、四大题型及对策 (一)细节理解题 细节理解题一般包括直接理解题(在原文中可直
5、接找到答案，常用 who，what，when， where， why 和 how 等提问)、 语义转化题(需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语义上的转换， 两者存在表达上的差异，有时需要进行加工或整理后方能得出结论)、数字计算题、排列顺序 题等。 细节题的正确选项通常有以下特征： 1再现原文； 2对原文进行改写； 3对原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化； 4正话反说、无中生有(适用于三正一误的是非题)。 细节题的干扰项特点： 1 文不对题。 这类题最不容易辨别， 选项中的描述与原文完全一致， 确属原文中的一个细节， 这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干所提的问题； 2偷换概念。符合常识，但不是文章的
6、内容； 3无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及；4.正误并存。 信息部分正确，部分错误。 (二)推理判断题 题干中常含有以下词语：infer/imply/suggest/indicate/conclude/learn from。此类试题难度 较大，但请记住一句做题基本原则“推理主题和细节”。意思是说推理题不是根据文章主题 推理就是根据文章细节推理。一般来说，在一篇文章后的 3 或 4 道试题中，若该推理题出现 在第一道和第四道，应该联系文章主题进行推理，也就是说要找到文章的主题句然后进行同 义改写即可得到正确答案；若是该推理题出现在四道题的中间部分则是根据文章细节
7、进行推 理，按照细节题基本的细节定位原则也可以较快地解决问题。 (三)主旨大意题 题干中常含有以下词语：main idea/mainly/mainly discuss/mainly concerned/central/primary。 主旨大意题最关键的就是把握主题句和主题词。主题词通常在文章中出现频率较高，往往会 在第一段出现，且带有概括性。有的类型的文章没有明显的主题句，但可以通过找主题词的 方法解决此类试题，主题词就是文中出现频率最高的一个单词，一般情况下为名词，记住一 句话：主旨大意题的正确选项一定包含主题词！这样一来就很快可以排除若干干扰选项而一 眼看出正确选项了。也可以运用逆向思维
8、法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无 法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它 与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。 归纳主题容易出现以下三种错误： 1以偏概全。即只抓住了主题的一个侧面就误以为是主题； 2过于笼统。即归纳的主题太泛，与细节脱节或是没有对细节加以充分论证； 3把观点强加给作者。读者往往根据自己的常识对文章进行判断而忽视了作者的见解。 (四)词义猜测题 词义猜测题的难度深浅不一，但究其根源，无非两种基本解题方法：联系上下文和构词 法。联系上下文就是看相邻的两句话或者是一句话内部主句和从句之间的关系，是同义延伸 还是反义驳斥，找到句
9、子之间的关系后再找相应位置单词(或句子)的同义词或反义词就易如 反掌了。构词法则是根据一个较难单词的词根、前后缀或是词组的后接介、副词分析出该单 词或词组的大概含义，然后对照四个选项找出最接近的一个答案。 第一节第一节 细节理解题细节理解题 一、事实细节题一、事实细节题 (2019 全国，A) OPENINGS AND PREVIEWS Animals Out of Paper Yolo！Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph，in which an origami(折纸术)artist invite
10、s a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.Merri Milwe directs.In previews.Opens Feb.12.(West Park Presbyterian Church,165 W86th St.212- 868- 4444.) The Audience Helen Mirren stars in the play by Peter Morgan，about Queen Elizabeth of the UK and her private meetings with twelve Prime Minister
11、s in the course of sixty years.Stephen Daldry directs.Also starring Dylan Baker and Judith Ivey.Previews begin Feb.14.(Schoenfeld,236 W45th St.212- 239- 6200.) Hamilton Lin- Manuel Miranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story.Th
12、omas Kail directs.In previews.Opens Feb.17.(Public,425 Lafayette St.212- 967- 7555.) On the Twentieth Century Kristin Chenoweth and Peter Gallagher star in the musical comedy by Betty Comden and Adolph Green，about a Broadway producer who tries to win a movie stars love during a cross- country train
13、journey.Scott Ellis directs，for Roundabout Theatre Company.Previews begin Feb.12.(American Airlines Theatre,227 W42nd St.212- 719- 1300.) 语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文。文章介绍了两部戏剧和两部音乐剧的内容简介、导演等相关 信息。 21What is the play by Rajiv Joseph probably about? AA type of art. BA teenagers studio. CA great teacher. DA group of
14、 animals. 答案 A 解析 推理判断题。 根据第一出戏剧的名称 Animals Out of Paper 及该部分中的“Productions and the Great Griffon present the play by Rajiv Joseph， in which an origami(折纸术) artist invites a teenage talent and his teacher into her studio.”可知答案。 22Who is the director of The Audience? AHelen Mirren. BPeter Morgan. CDy
15、lan Baker. DStephen Daldry. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执导了 The Audience？”。根据该部分中的“Stephen Daldry directs.”可知答案。 23Which play will you go to if you are interested in American history? AAnimals Out of Paper. BThe Audience. CHamilton. DOn the Twentieth Century. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据第三出戏剧 Hamilton 首句“Lin- Manuel M
16、iranda wrote this musical about Alexander Hamilton，in which the birth of America is presented as an immigrant story.”可 知，Hamilton 是关于美国历史的戏剧。 一、题型解读 事实细节题常以应用文的形式出现在考题中，涉及的话题有：广告类、活动安排类、书籍电 影介绍类、演出信息类等。设问方式多为以 5W1H(what，who，when，where，why 和 how) 等开头的特殊疑问句。 二、解题技巧题干定位，寻找信息 “题干定位法”是做事实细节题最基本的也是最常用的方法。
17、事实细节题主要考查对某句话 或某几句话的理解，可根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可 以确定最佳答案。 “题干定位法”分为三步： 第一步：先通过题干信息来选择定位词。定位词主要是题干中的名词、动词和数词等，即问 题的核心信息。例如上面【真题感悟】中的第 22 题，题干中的定位词为 director； 第二步：在原文中查找定位词或定位词的近义词，找出相关的句子。例如上面【真题感悟】 中的第 22 题，由定位词 director 我们可以迅速浏览到 The Audience 中的关键信息 Stephen Daldry directs； 第三步：分析这些句子和选项，得出正确答
18、案。例如上面【真题感悟】中的第 22 题，分析句 子和选项可知 D 项正确。 A (2019 河北衡水中学一联) Old Falls Movies June 28thBeauty & the Beast Disneys classic takes on a new form，with a widened fairy tale and an all- star cast.A young prince,1imprisoned in the form of a beast，can be freed only by true love.What may be his only opportunity
19、arrives when he meets Belle， the only human girl to ever visit the castle since his being turned into a beast. July 12thThe Emoji(表情) Movie The Emoji Movie 2unlocks a secret world inside your smartphone.11Hidden within the messaging app is Textopolis，a city where all your favorite emojis live with o
20、nly one facial expression except Gene who has multiple expressions.Determined to become “normal” like the other emojis，Gene asks Hi- 5 and Jailbreak to help through the apps on the phone to find the Code that will fix him. July 19thJumanji：Welcome to the Jungle In a new Jumanji adventure，four kids d
21、iscover an old video game and are 7drawn into the games jungle setting，becoming the adult avatars(化身)To beat the game and return to the real world alive，theyll have to find a map and change the way they think about themselvesor theyll be 6stuck in the game forever. August 9thPeter Rabbit Peter Rabbi
22、t，his three sisters and their cousin Benjamin enjoy troubling Mr McGregor in his vegetable garden until he dies.When one of Mr McGregors relatives moves in，he finds much more than he 3bargained for.What follows is a battle of 9wills between the new Mr McGregor and the rabbits.However，something happe
23、ns and his feelings towards them begin to change. 语篇解读 本文是一篇应用文，介绍了四部老电影的上映日期及其剧情梗概。 1When can the audience see a film about true love? AOn July 19th. BOn June 28th. COn August 9th. DOn July 12th. 答案 B 解析 细节理解题。根据第一段的第二句“A young prince，imprisoned in the form of a beast， can be freed only by true lov
24、e.”可知， 美女和野兽是一部关于真爱的电影，上映日期是 6 月 28 日，故 B 项正确。 2How is Gene special? AHe lives in a secret world alone. BHe can help others through an app. CHe is the favorite emoji of the world. DHe has more than one facial expression. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。 根据第二段的第二句“Hidden within the messaging app is Textopolis， a city
25、where all your favorite emojis live with only one facial expression except Gene who has multiple expressions.”可知，吉恩的特别之处在于他有多种面部表情，故 D 项正确。 3What should adventurers do to win in the game? ADress up as adults. BDiscover an old video game. CDraw a map about the jungle. DThink about themselves differen
26、tly. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。根据第三段的第二句“To beat the game and return to the real world alive， theyll have to find a map and change the way they think about themselvesor theyll be stuck in the game forever.”可知，要想游戏通关，活着回到现实世界，冒险者们必须要改变对自己 的看法，故 D 项正确。 B (2019 山东青岛模拟) The Great Wall，China Stretching over 21,000 k
27、ilometers，the Great Wall was built to prevent invasions and has a history of more than 2,000 years.UNESCO in February 2019 calls it an absolute masterpiece，not only because of the ambitious character of the undertaking but also the perfection of its construction. But perfection isnt protection.51.2
28、percent of the Great Wall either has had already disappeared or is at a 8significant risk of disappearing.Besides for wind and rain erosion，the main reasons for the 4destruction of the Great Wall are human factors such as tourism，construction， human contact and so on. Pamukkale，Turkey Pamukkale，whic
29、h means “cotton castle” in Turkish，is famous for its shining white calcite terraces(方解石阶地) with warm and mineral- rich waters flowing. Before 5being listed as a World Heritage Site in 1988， Pamukkale had been severely damaged by human activities.People used hot spring water to fill swimming pools， s
30、ome visitors stood on the rocks and some even bathed in the hot springs with soap and shampoo.To protect the terraces，the Turkish government has decided to pull down the hotels and require all tourists to visit this site barefoot. Great Barrier Reef，Australia Home to 400 types of coral and 1,500 spe
31、cies of fish，the Great Barrier Reef draws visitors to Australia from all over the world. 12However，the Great Barrier Reef is expected to suffer from increasingly frequent bleaching events,10cases in which corals turn white and may die，according to a UNESCO report.The heat waves caused by global warm
32、ing have killed half of the coral here in the two years，according to a CNN report.Pollution from industry developments and harmful fishing practices are also big concerns. The Dead Sea，Jordan At 423 meters below sea level，the Dead Sea is 10 times saltier than the ocean，meaning that the water is so d
33、ense，even tourists who cant swim will be able to float. But the seaside resorts built in the 1980s now sit kilometers away from the waters edge， which has lost half of its surface area in the past 40 years.The damage is irreversible due to the nature of the mineral industry and the type of agricultu
34、ral use that has drained the water. 语篇解读 这是一篇应用文， 介绍了中国的长城、土耳其的棉花城堡、澳大利亚的大堡礁以 及约旦的死海这四个著名旅游景点遭到破坏的情况。 4Which are you required to visit without shoes? AThe Great Wall，China. BPamukkale，Turkey. CGreat Barrier Reef，Australia. DThe Dead Sea，Jordan. 答案 B 解析 细节理解题。由第四段的最后一句“To protect the terraces，the Tur
35、kish government has decided to pull down the hotels and require all tourists to visit this site barefoot.”中的 barefoot(赤 脚的)可知，B 项符合题意。 5Which of the following statements is true? AMain reasons for the destruction of the Great Wall come from wind and rain erosion. BPamukkale was damaged by human acti
36、vities after 1988. CPollution and the heat waves caused by global warming kill much coral in the Great Barrier Reef. DHalf of the Dead Sea surface area has disappeared in the past two decades. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据第六段最后两句“The heat waves caused by global warming have killed half of the coral here in the t
37、wo years，according to a CNN report.Pollution from industry developments and harmful fishing practices are also big concerns.”可知 C 项正确。 6What do the above spots have in common? AThey are all famous endangered natural spots. BTheyre damaged only by human activities. CThey all draw the attention of the
38、 governments. DTheyre all seriously damaged. 答案 D 解析 推理判断题。综观全文，四个景点中并非全部是 natural spot(自然景点)，如长城，故 可排除 A 项；这些景点遭到破坏并非全都是因为人类活动，还有自然原因，故排除 B 项；文 中只提及了棉花城堡的破坏引起了政府关注，故排除 C 项。 .障碍词汇突破 (一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 1Because of the robbery he conducted，he was imprisoned.v.监禁 2In the new type of house，there i
39、s a smart lock that can unlock the front door when the homeowner is near by the mobile phone.v.解锁 3. He bargained with his wife，“You take care of the children and Ill cook.” v商讨条件 4. Many people are very concerned about the destruction of the rainforests，whose disappearance is partly caused by human
40、 activities.n.毁坏，破坏 5Zhoukoudian was listed as a world heritage site in December 1987.被列为 (二)同义词语替换 6During the earthquake，people may get stuck inside for more than an hour before being rescued. trapped 7Her beautiful voice in her online video，which amazes everyone，has drawn millions of fans. attrac
41、ted 8After days of hard work，your project has shown a significant improvement.great/noticeable (三)一词多义 9will(助动词)将来；(情态动词)(表示愿意)愿，要，会 n意志；决心；遗嘱 (1)Where there is a will，there is a way.n.意志，决心 (2)Honestly speaking，I will spare no effort to support you whatever the situation.(情态动词)会 (3)Attached to his
42、 will was a letter he had written to his wife just days before his death.n.遗嘱 (4)As time goes by，he will be devoting more time to writing，broadcasting and lecturing.(助动词) 将来 10case n情况；事实； 案例；病例；伤员；盒子 (1)There is a misbelief that pop- corn is calorie- free，but that is not the case.n.事实 (2)These idea
43、s can be true in certain cases，but very wrong in others.n.情况 (3)To attract more visitors，the museum displayed the exhibitions in glass cases.n.盒子 (4)Judging from the whole process，it was a typical case of bad management.n.案例 (5) Fortunately，the most serious cases were treated at the scene of the acc
44、ident.n.伤员 .长难句理解 11Hidden within the messaging app is Textopolis，a city where all your favorite emojis live with only one facial expression except Gene who has multiple expressions. 句式分析 本句是一个主从复合句。主句为 Hidden within the messaging app is Textopolis， 是一个完全倒装句。主语是 Textopolis，a city 作其同位语，后面的 where 引导的
45、是定语从 句，修饰先行词 a city。 后面的 who 引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词 Gene。 精美译文 隐藏在短消息应用程序中的是文字大都市。在这个城市中，你喜欢的表情包们 都只有一个表情表情丰富的吉恩除外。 12However，the Great Barrier Reef is expected to suffer from increasingly frequent bleaching events，cases in which corals turn white and may die，according to a UNESCO report. 句式分析 本句是一个主从复合句。 主
46、句为 the Great Barrier Reef is expected to suffer from increasingly frequent bleaching events。其中 expect 意为“预计”，而不是“期望”。cases 是 bleaching events 的同位语，后面的 in which 引导的是定语从句，等于关系副词 where。 精美译文 然而， 根据联合国教科文组织的一份报告， 大堡礁预计将遭受越来越频繁的白 化现象，即珊瑚虫变白并可能死亡。 强化练强化练(十十) .阅读理解 A (2018 山东潍坊期末) Wonderful holiday cottage
47、s across England，Wales and Northern Ireland are available.When you choose your next holiday cottage，the following may strike your eyes. Large holiday cottages for special occasions We have over 30 cottages for eight or more people.These are great for celebrations with friends and family.You could he
48、ad to Devon and stay in one of the countys most important houses，Shute Barton，where we can even provide details of the local cook that can come to the cottage and cook a delicious meal to make your stay even more special.One of our newest cottages is Thorington Hall in Suffolk，and its the largest in
49、 our collection.If you fancy something a little bit different，you can visit the Lighthouse Keepers Cottage. Dog friendly cottages in Cornwall Cornwall is a great place for dog walking with miles of coastline and beaches waiting to be explored and our dog friendly holiday cottages are on the doorstep on some of these places.We share just a selection of our dog friendly cottages across Cornwall.Click here to see the full range of dog friendly cottages in Cornwall
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