1、GrammarNon- restrictive relative clauses 感知以下课文原句，完成方框下的小题 1 This years Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine has been awarded to Tu Youyou(co- winner)， whose research led to the discovery of artemisinin， a crucial new treatment for malaria. 2 In the beginning， Tu Youyou went to Hainan， where malar
2、ia was more common， to study malaria patients. 3From their research，they discovered and tested 380 distinct ancient Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against malaria. 4Using a lower temperature to draw out the extract，she found a substance that worked. 5Later，the medicine w
3、as tested on malaria patients，most of whom recovered. 6This medicine，which was called artemisinin，soon became a standard treatment for malaria. 1句 1、2、5、6 是非限制性定语从句，句 3、4 是限制性定语从句。 2句 1 中的关系词在定语从句中作定语。 3句 2 中的关系词在定语从句中作地点状语。 4句 3、4、5、6 中的关系词在定语从句中作主语。 一、非限制性定语从句的用法 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系并不十分密切，只是对主句的内容或先行词
4、进行补充、 解释或附加说明，缺少也不会影响对全句的理解。它与主句或先行词之间一般用逗号隔开， 常常单独翻译， 没有它， 主句意思仍然完整。 引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词有 as， which， who，whom，whose 等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有 when，where 等，作定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在非限制性定语从句中一般不能省略，注意： that，why 不用来引导非限制性定语从句。 The sun，which rises in the east，gives us heat and light. 太阳从东方升起，带给我们光和热。 二、非限制性定语从句应
5、注意的问题 1关系代词 as 和 which (1)关系代词 as 和 which 既可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句。as 在从句 中作主语或宾语，as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插 入主句中；而 which 引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可指代主 句的整个内容。 As is known to everybody，the moon travels around the earth.众所周知，月球绕着地球转。 The weather turned out to be very good，which was more tha
6、n we could expect. 出乎我们意料的是，天气变得非常好。 (2)当定语从句放在主句后面时，as 也并非永远等于 which。 当定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用 which。 He came here very late，which was unexpected. 让人没想到的是，他来得非常晚。 当 as 在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态，如：be known，be said，be reported， be announced 等。如果从句中的动词是主动语态，一般用 which 作主语。 She has been absent again，as is expected
7、. 她又缺席了，这在意料之中。 Tom has made great progress， which makes me very happy.汤姆取得了很大进步， 这使我很高兴。 as常用在as seems likely， as often happens， as was said earlier， as I remember， as I understand， as appears 等结构中，意思是“正如”。 Jack has won the first prize，as often happens. 正如经常发生的那样，杰克得了一等奖。 She has read widely in Rom
8、antic literature，as appears from her essay. 她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学，这从她的文章中可以看出来。 as 仍然保持作连词时常用的含义，意思是“和一样”。 David is very tall，as are my brothers. 戴维很高，我的兄弟们也一样高。 2 大多数关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句， 但 that 一般不用来引导 非限制性定语从句。 误：Wang Fang passed her exam，that surprised me a great deal. 正：Wang Fang passed her exam，wh
9、ich surprised me a great deal. 王芳通过了考试，这让我很吃惊。 3关系代词的省略情况。不同的关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可以省略，而在非限 制性定语从句中，所有的关系词均不可省略。 This is the pen (which/that) I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的钢笔。 The pen，which I bought yesterday，has been given to my friend. 我昨天买的笔，现已送给我的朋友了。 4“介词关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句 “介词关系代词”既可引导限制性定语从句， 也可引导非限制性定
10、语从句。 “介词which” 有时还可以与关系副词 where，when，why 等互换；“介词whom/whose”在定语从句中没 有与之对应的关系词可替代。 He came to a farm，on which(where) he finally settled down.他来到一个农场，并最终在那里定 居。 三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的不同 (1)限制性定语从句常紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后，主、从句之间不用逗号隔开；而非限制 性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号隔开， 并且 as 引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。 His friend who works in Beijing
11、 visited him yesterday.(限制性定语从句) His father，who works in Beijing，returned yesterday.(非限制性定语从句) As you know，I dont like going out at weekends.(非限制性定语从句) (2)限制性定语从句的先行词一般为单个名词或代词，而非限制性定语从句的先行词既可以是 单个的名词或代词，也可以是整个句子。 He studied hard at school when he was young，which led to his success in his later life
12、. (3)that 可用来引导限制性定语从句，但一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句；引导限制性定语 从句的关系代词，如果在从句中作宾语，口语中常可以省略；引导非限制性定语从句的关系 代词，即使在从句中作宾语，一般也不省略。 His English，which used to be very poor，is now excellent.(句中 which 不可换成 that) This morning I met Tom，whom I hadnt seen for ages.(句中 whom 一般不省略) (4)翻译时限制性定语从句通常被翻译到先行词的前面，而非限制性定语从句常常单独译成一 句话放在
13、主句之后，用来补充说明主句。 The new bicycle which my brother rides was bought this year.(限制性定语从句) 我哥哥骑着的那辆新自行车是今年买的。 My brother rides a new bike，which was bought this year.(非限制性定语从句) 我哥哥骑着一辆新自行车，这辆自行车是今年买的。 .单句语法填空 1Mr Smith，whose native language is English，can speak Chinese fluently. 2We will be shown around th
14、e city，schools and some other places，where other visitors seldom go. 3The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80% of which are sold abroad. 4 As is known to all， Madame Curie won the Nobel Prize twice for her great scientific discoveries. 5This is Mr Smith，who I think has somet
15、hing interesting to tell you. 6Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play，which，of course，made the others unhappy. 7I have invited some friends to the party，most of whom are from abroad. 8There are two buildings，the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet high. 9The children，who
16、 wanted to play football，were disappointed when it rained. 10His likes Paris，where he has lived for a long time. .完成句子 11Last week I passed the examination，which was important. 上周我通过了考试，那是很重要的考试。 12Tom sold his house，which made his father very angry. 汤姆卖掉了他的房子，这(件事)使他的父亲很生气。 13The professor has two sons，both of whom are teaching in the same university. 教授有两个儿子，他们都在同一所大学教书。 14As we all know，he studies very hard. 正如我们所知，他学习非常刻苦。 15We will put off the outing until next week，when we wont be so busy. 我们要把远足延期到下周，那时我们就不会这么忙了。
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