1、 1 英语考试重点语法汇总英语考试重点语法汇总 一、名词一、名词 I. 名词的种类:名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名,团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数:名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watc
2、hes, dish-dishes 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 或专有名词
3、以 y 结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以 辅 音 字 母加-o 结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s ra
4、dio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只
5、有复数形式只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), for
6、ces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), 2 manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表 示“ 某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchw
7、omen 8 合 成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格:名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。 所有格分两种: 一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s 所有格的构成: 单数名词在末
8、尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在
9、最后一词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father 表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles 2. s 所有格的用法: 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas indus
10、try 4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot 7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措) 3. of 所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
11、 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二、代词二、代词 I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:代词可以分为以下七大类: 3 1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代词 形 容 词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers
12、, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ n
13、o, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点:不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questi
14、ons to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个,any 表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 stude
15、nts in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而 every 强调整体强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong
16、and weak points. 3. none 和 no: no 等于 not any,作定语。none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指 “另外的, 别的” 常与其他词连用, 如: the other day, every o
17、ther week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为 the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 4 2) another 指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是 others,泛指“别的人或事”如: I dont like this shir
18、t, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和和 both, neither 和和 either all 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / N
19、ot all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 三、三、动词动词 动词动词需要掌握的知识点有四个:动词的 16 种时态;动词的被动语态;动词的非谓语动词;动动词的被动语态;动词的非谓语动词;动词的虚拟语气。词的虚拟语气。 . 动词的分类动词的分类 动词的分类一共分为四四大类:实义动词;实义动词;连系动词;连系动词;情态动词;情态动词;助动词助动词。 实义动词:有实际意思的词,可以
20、完整的作谓语,如 write, buy 等 连系动词:无动词意义,连接主语和表语,如 be, feel,look, taste 等(与实义动词相对的) 情态动词:表示情绪和态度的,可以理解成帮助增加感情色彩的词类,如 can,may, must 等。 助动词:帮助构成疑问、否定等情况的词类,,本身没实际意义,如 be, have, has,do, does,shall等。 高频动词考点:高频动词考点: . 动词的时态动词的时态 1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种,以 ask 为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked sha
21、ll/will ask should/would ask 5 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完 成 进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去
22、时的区别: 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利利用过去,说明现在用过去,说明现在。如: I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过, 且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,
23、不关现在。如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 【 火眼金睛,辨差异火眼金睛,辨差异 】 * I read that book. 我读过那本书。(单纯叙述曾经发生过的事:读过了
24、就结束了,仅此而已) * I have read that book. 我已经读过已经读过那本书了。了。(强调刚读过,对现在造成一定影响:接下来有可能要谈论此书了)。 * I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时 用法 例句 1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+动词原形 含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事 Its going t
25、o clear up. Were going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作(位移动词)的动作(位移动词) He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell r
26、ang. The meeting is about to close. 5 be to + 动词原形 表示按计划进行或征求对方意见 Were to meet at the school gate at noon. 6 一般现在时一般现在时表示将来表示将来 时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情,可用一般现在时表示将来(火车、火车、飞机等飞机等) The meeting starts at five oclock. The plane leaves at ten this evening. . 动词的被动语态动词的被动语态 常用被动语态 构成 常用被动语态 构成 6 1 一般现在时 am/is/ar
27、e asked 6 过去进行时 was/were being asked 2 一般过去时 was/were asked 7 现在完成时 have/has been asked 3 一般将来时 shall/will be asked 8 过去完成时 had been asked 4 过去将来时 should/would be asked 9 将来完成时 will/would have been asked 5 现在进行时 am/is/are being asked 10 含有情态动词的 can/must/may be asked 注 意 事 项 被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加 n
28、ot, 短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词中介副词。固定结构 be going to, used to, have to, had better 变为被动态时,只需将其后的动词变为被动态。 如: Trees should not be planted in summer. / The boy was made fun of (of 不能丢)不能丢)by his classmates. Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl. 汉语有一类句子不出现主语,在英语中一般可用被动结构表示。如: It is beli
29、eved that It is generally considered that It is said that It is well known that It must be pointed out that It is supposed that It is reported that It must be admitted that It is hoped that 下面主动形式常表示被动主动形式常表示被动意义:如: The window wants/needs/requires repairing. The book is worth reading twice. The door
30、 wont shut. / The play wont act. The clothes washes well. / The book sells well. The dish tastes delicious. / Water feels very cold. 下面词或短语没有被动态: leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come abo
31、ut, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart 等等 . 动词之特殊形式的用法动词之特殊形式的用法 非谓语动词非谓语动词 1. 非谓语动词的分类、意义及构成: 非谓语形式 构成 特征和作用 时态和语态 否定式 复合结构 不定式不定式 to do to be doing to have done to be done to have been done 在非谓语前加not for sb. to do sth. 具有名词、副词和形容词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定、表和状语 分分词词 现在分词 doing having don
32、e being done having been done 具有副词和形容词的作用 在句中做定、表、宾补和状语 过去分词 done 7 动名词动名词 doing having done being done having been done sbs doing 具有名词的作用 在句中做主、宾、定和表语 2. 做宾语的非谓语动词比较: 情况 常用动词 只接不定式做宾语的动词 hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, ha
33、ppen 只接动名词做宾语的动词或短语 mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider cant help, feel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, se
34、t about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to 两者都可以 意义基本相同 begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具体的动作,不定式多指具体的动作,接动名词多指一般或习惯行为接动名词多指一般或习惯行为) need, want, require(接动名词主动形式表示被动意义动名词主动形式表示被动意义,若接不定式则应用被动形式用被动形式) 意义
35、相反 stop to do 停止手中事,去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事(常考的有常考的有 8 组组) 意义不同 remember/forget/regret to do (指动作尚尚未未发生) remember/forget/regret doing(指动作已经已经发生) go on to do (接着做另外另外一件事) go on doing(接着做同一同一件事) try to do(设法,努力去做,尽力)(设法,努力去做,尽力) try doing(试试去做,看有何结果)(试试去做,看有何结果) mean to do(打算做,企图做)(打算做,企图做) mean doi
36、ng (意识是,意味着)(意识是,意味着) cant help to do(不能帮忙做) cant help doing(忍不住要做(忍不住要做) 3.非谓语动词做宾语补足语的区别: 常见动词 与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念 例句 不定式 ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage 主谓关系。 强调动作将发生或已经完成 I heard him call me several times. have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make 现在分词 notice, see, watc
37、h, hear, find, keep, have, feel 主谓关系。 强调动作正在正在进行,尚未完成 I found her listening to the radio. 过去分词 动宾关系。动作已经完成,多强调状态 We found the village greatly changed. 4. 非谓语动词做定语的区别: 区别 举例 不定式 与被修饰词往往有动宾关系,一般式表示将来一般式表示将来,进行式表示与谓语动作同时进行式表示与谓语动作同时发生,完成式表示完成式表示在谓语动词之前在谓语动词之前发生 I have a lot of papers to type. I have a
38、lot of papers to be typed. 动名词 通常指被修饰词的用途用途,无逻辑上的任何关系 Shall we go to the swimming pool? 8 现在分词 与被修饰词之间是主谓主谓关系,表示动作与谓语动作同时发生 the boiling water / the boiled water the developing country / the developed country(发展中发展中国家 / 发达发达国家) the falling leaves / the fallen leaves (空中正飘落正飘落的叶子 / 已经落到已经落到地上地上的叶子) 过去
39、分词 与被修饰词之间是被动关系被动关系,表示动作发生在在谓语动作之前谓语动作之前,现已经完成 5. 非谓语动词做主语和表语的区别: 区别 举例 不定式 多表示一个特定的具体的将来的动作, 做主语时可以借助于 it 把不定式移到句子后面。 做表语有时可和主语交换位置,而且意义不变,并且还能用 what 来提问主语或表语。 My dream is to become a teacher. To obey the law is important. (dream, business, wish, idea, plan, duty, task 做主语时常用) 动名词 与不定式的功能区别不大,然而它更接
40、近于名词,表示的动作比较抽象,或者泛指习惯性的动作,有时也可以可以用用 it 做形式主语做形式主语,做表语时可以和主语互换位置。 It is no use saying that again and again. Teaching is my job. 分词 无名词的性质,不能做主语。但是有形容词的性质,可以做表语,多表明主语的特征性质或者状态等,可被very, quite, rather 等副词修饰。 现在分词多含有“令人现在分词多含有“令人”之意,说明主语的性质特征,多表示主动,主语多为物主语多为物。过去分词过去分词一般表示被动或主语所处的状态,含有“感到感到”之意,主语多是人”之意,主语
41、多是人。 The situation is encouraging. The book is well written. ( 常 见 分 词 有astonishing, moving, tiring, disappointing, puzzling, shocking, boring, amusing 及其-ed 形式) V. 动词之特殊形式的用法动词之特殊形式的用法 虚拟语气虚拟语气 类别 用法 例句 If 引导的条件从句 与现在现在事实相反 从句动词:过去式(be 用 were) 主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 If he were here, he
42、would help us. 与过去过去事实相反 从句动词:had+过去分词 主句动词:should/would/could/might+have+ 过 去 分词 If I had been free, I would have visited you. 与将来将来事实相反 从句从句动词:过去式 / should+动词原动词原形 / were+不定式 主句主句动词:should/would/could/might+动词原形 If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping. 其它状语从句 as if 引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式
43、 They are talking as if they had been friends for years. in order that / so that 引导的状语从句中动词用 can / could / may / might / would 等+动词原形 Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly. 9 宾语从句 demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原动词原形(should 可省) He suggested that we not change our mind. wis
44、h 后 的 从 句 中 分 别 用 过 去 式 , 过 去 完 成 式 和should/would+动词原形表示与现在, 过去和将来情况相反 I wish I could be a pop singer. 主语从句 在 It is necessary / important / strange that, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that 等从句中,谓语动词用 should+动词原形动词原形 It is strange that such a person should be our friends. 其它句型中 It
45、is time that句型中动词用过去式过去式或 should+动词原动词原形 Its high time that we left. would rather 所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式过去式或者过去完成式 I would rather you stayed at home now. If only 句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式,表示强烈的愿望 If only our dream had come true! 四、形容词和副词四、形容词和副词 I. 形容词:形容词: 1. 形容词的位置: 1) 形容词作定语通常前置,但在下列情况后置: 1 修饰 some, any, ev
46、ery, no 和 body, thing, one 等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible 2 以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或 only 修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible 3 alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake 4 和空间、时间、单位连用时 a bridge 50 meters long 5 成对的形容词可以后置 a huge room si
47、mple and beautiful 6 形容词短语一般后置 a man difficult to get on with 2) 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序: 代词 数词 性状形容词 冠词前的形容词 冠词 指示代词 不定代词 代词所有格 序数词 基数词 性质 状态 大小 长短 形形状 新旧 温度 颜色色 国国籍 产地 材材料 质地 名词 all both such the a this another your second next one four beautiful good poor large short square new cool black yellow Chinese
48、London silk stone 3) 复合形容词的构成: 1 形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted 6 名词+形容词 world-famous 2 形容词+形容词 dark-blue 7 名词+现在分词 peace-loving 10 3 形容词+现在分词 ordinary-looking 8 名词+过去分词 snow-covered 4 副词+现在分词 hard-working 9 数词+名词+ed three-egged 5 副词+过去分词 newly-built 10 数词+名词 twenty-year II. 副词副词 副词的分类: 1 时 间 副词 soon, now,
49、early, finally, once, recently 5 频 度 副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never 2 地 点 副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above 6 疑 问 副词 how, where, when, why 3 方 式 副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really 7 连 接 副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile 4 程 度 副词 almost, nearly, ver
50、y, fairly, quite, rather 8 关 系 副词 when, where, why III. 形容词和副词比较等级:形容词和副词比较等级: 形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级, 比较级和最高级原级, 比较级和最高级。 比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加后加-er 和和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加,多音节和一些双音节词前加 more 和和 most。 常考用法如下:常考用法如下: 1. 同级比较时常常用 asas以及 not so(as)as如:I am not so good a player as you are. 2. 可以修饰比较级的词有:much, man