1、2023届北京市丰台区高三下学期一模英语试卷第一部分 知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。It had been an interesting soccer match. Jerry was so absorbed in it that everyone 1 his passion for sports. He also developed a_ 2 attitude towards acquiring such a soccer uniform. What
2、ever he desires, he asks his parents to purchase it in a split of seconds.“Mom, I want a soccer uniform,” he begged his mother.“OK,” said his mother,“but you need to have 3 ”.The days passed by, but he got no 4 from his parents. His dream seemed to collapse. However, Jerry never gave up his idea. He
3、 kept thinking how to achieve it as early as possible. A sparkling idea struck his mind. He could 5 one of his T-shirts, but what if his mother saw and scolded(责备)? Though anxious, he finally made up his mind.He drew a circle with the help of a bowl and modified the soccer image onto the T-shirt. He
4、 also took 6 to avoid the spread of color onto the other side of it, It was a remarkable piece of work.“Jerry! What are you doing?”his mother suddenly appeared.“I may not get the uniform, but I can try to paint the image on my T-shirt,I thought.”He was 7 to face his mother. But out of his expectatio
5、n,his mother 8 him for his work ignoring the mistake. She did not mind the T-shirt in the presence of the idea of painting.“Its OK,”said Mom. If we had fulfilled your every want, your inborn 9 would have been hidden. You wouldnt have thought of other alternative in getting the uniform. That adds to
6、your 10 to achieve your goal,” she said.“Thank you, Mom.”He ran playfully.1. A. controlled B. sensed C. supported D. expected2. A. thirsty B. realistic C. cautious D. selfish3. A. confidence B. motivation C. inspiration D. patience4. A. decision B. response C. judgment D. recognition5. A. purchase B
7、. exchange C. paint D. sew 6. A. interest B. energy C. courage D. care7. A. eager B. surprised C. afraid D. relieved8. A. appreciated B. blamed C. rewarded D. thanked9. A. taste B. fondness C. talent D. fear10. A. willpower B. honesty C. responsibility D. tolerance第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下列短文，根据短文内
8、容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个恰当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。请在答题卡指定区域作答。AWang was born and grew up in America, but she 11 (build) solid ties with Chinese culture since she was a little girl. She is now riding a new trend: mixing and matching modern clothes with traditional Han dress, or hanfu.She has been pos
9、ting videos of 12 (she) dressed in hanfu on the Internet, which has attracted many fans on Chinese lifestyle.“I love hanfu.Ive made many videos, 13 (aim) to help more people learn about it,”Wang told Beijing Review.BEngineers invented a new device to produce solar electricity at night.Solar panels t
10、ransform sunlight into energy, so they 14 (traditional)work only during daylight hours. This device, however, 15 (use) a thermometric generator, which creates energy. from differences in temperature. In this case, cool evening air is a slightly different temperature than the solar cell in the panel.
11、 That becomes energy 16 is transformed into electricity. The device could be helpful in areas 17 (locate) far from a power grid(电网).CA study showed how much dogs love their owners. In the experiment,the researchers first measured how many tears 18 (produce) by dogs when they were just spending time
12、at home with their owners. The team then repeated the experiment )this time/ with dogs that were reunited with their owners 19 being apart for five hours. The results showed dogs only shed tears during the reunions. The team now wants to find out 20 dogs have a similar emotional response when reunit
13、ed with other dogs.第二部分 阅读理解 (共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题，每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AGive a little sunshine!The Council on Aging (COA)runs a telephone friendship project called the Sunshine Call Program, matching over-60s with a friendly volunteer for a daily chat over the phone.
14、The aim is simple- -to help ease the loneliness and repair social networks. .Sheila, 77, a retired teacher, lived alone. She has been receiving calls from Rianne, a volunteer, for over two months.“Talking to Rianne is something I really look forward to -a breath of fresh air. We talk about everythin
15、g-theatre, her work, books weve read.Listening to someone elses life enriches. 20IL and gives you something positive to focus on.”“At the beginning, I had no expectation of how the phone calls would go, but its wonderful that its led to a genuine.friendship Rianne helps me a lot.”Are you ready to ad
16、d a little sunshine to a seniors life?The Sunshine Call Program initially links a volunteer with an isolate(独居的) senior for a daily cal When comfortable the volunteer introduces a second senior to the call. Then another, until there are four seniors to one volunteer on what is essentially a conferen
17、ce call. Without having to leave the house, you will help the seniors meet and make new friends. They will then exchange phone numbers to chat on their own and reduce their isolation.What are the volunteer qualifications?Volunteers must have access to the Internet and be willing to be trained on the
18、 use of a chat app.COA will provide all supplies required to make the calls. Besides, volunteers must agree to participate in monthly meetings with other volunteers and guest speakers. All volunteers must be willing to provide a recent Criminal Record Check, the cost of which will be borne by COA.An
19、d the most important volunteer qualification is a sense of caring and a desire to help seniors in the community!If you wish to volunteer with our Sunshine Call program, never hesitate!Just CLICK HERE to fill out the application form.21. Why does the passage mention Sheilas experience?A. To show her
20、lonelinessB. To share a sweet memory.C. To stress the value of COA.D. To praise Riannes kindness.22. One of the responsibilities of volunteers is .A. making weekly calls to seniorsB. visiting seniors during holidaysC. introducing new friends to seniorsD. teaching seniors to use smart phones23. If yo
21、u want to be a volunteer, what are you required to do?A. Learn the use of a chat app. .B. Prepare a computer by yourself.C. Offer a letter of recommendation.D. Have relevant working experience.24. What is the purpose of the passage?A.To inform the readers of COA.B. To invite seniors to sign up for C
22、OAC. To introduce volunteer work in COA.D. To advertise for new volunteers for COA.BThis was the first communication that had come from,her aunt in Jessies lifetime.“I think your aunt has forgiven me at last,”her father said as he passed the letter across the table.Jessie looked first at the autogra
23、ph(签名). It seemed strange to see her own name there. There was a likeness between her aunts autograph and her own, a hint of the same decisiveness and precision. If Jessie had been educated fifty years earlier, she might have written her name in just that manner.“Youre very like her in some ways, he
24、r father said, as she still stared at the autograph.“I should think you must almost have forgotten what Aunt Jessie was like, dear, she said.“How many years is it since you last saw her?“More than forty,” her father said. “We disagreed, We invariably disagreed. Jessie always prided herself on being
25、so modern. She read Darwin and things like that. Altogether beyond me, I admit.“And so it seems that she wants to see me.”Jessie straightened her shoulders and lifted her head, She was excited at the thought of meeting this mythical aunt whom she had so often heard about. Sometimes she had wondered
26、if the personality of this remarkable relative had not been afigment(虚构) of her fathers imagination.But this letter of hers that now lay on the breakfast table was admirable in character/There was something of intolerance expressed in its tone. It was just like what her father had told herMr. Deane
27、came out of his past memories with a sigh.“Yes, yes; she wants to see you, my dear, he said.“Ive heard she has set up a school and helped many youngsters. I think you had better accept this invitation to say with her. If she took a fancy to you, you could get a better education.He sighed again,and J
28、essie knew tat for the hundredth time he was regretting his own past weakness.25. How was the relationship between Jessies father and her aunt?A. It remained very close over the years.B. It was broken when they were young.C. It got tenser due to a misunderstanding.D. It was uneasy for their financia
29、l differences.26. From the passage, we know Jessie was .A. eager to meet her auntB. cautious about her aunts invitationC. angry with her aunt for ignoring her familyD. puzzled by her aunts sudden interest in her27. What can we learn from the passage?A. Jessies aunt promised to offer her better educa
30、tion. B. Jessies aunts personality seemed to change a lot.C. Jessies and her aunt were different in personality.D. Jessies father felt sorry for what he had done.CMany people would answer the question of what makes us human by insisting that we are cultural beings. There is no doubt that we are. But
31、 one definition of culture is the totality of traditions acquired in a community by social learning from other individuals, and many animal species have traditions. Can we then say that some animals are cultural beings too?One approach to study culture in animals is the so-called Method of Exclusion
32、(排除), in which scientists investigate behavioral variations across populations of one species. In a famous study, scientists learned that chimpanzee(黑猩猩) behaviors were socially passed on) as they were present at some sites but not at others, despite having same/ecological settings.For example, chim
33、panzees in Tai National Park in Ivory Coast are well-know for their nut-cracking skills. Chimpanzees in Gombe National Park in Tanzania, on the other hand, do not crack nuts, although nuts exist in their environment too.However, when applying the Method of Exclusion, one has to be very careful. Ther
34、e are other factors that could also explain the pattern of behavioral variation. For example, some of the chimpanzee techniques scientists evaluated occur in only one of the three subspecies. So its quite possible that these behaviors also have an innate component. This would mean that one chimpanze
35、e subspecies uses a new technique not out of cultural tradition, but because the behavior is fixed to specific genes. Another factor that has to be excluded is of course the envirotment Chimpanzees in Mahale do not fish algae(水藻), simply because algae does not exist there.But when we exclude all the
36、 variations that can be explained by genes or environment, we still find that animals do show cultural variations. Does that mean there is no real difference between them and us after all? Not exactly.There is a fundamental difference between human and animal culture.Only humans can build culturally
37、 on what generations before us have learned.This is called “cumulative culture. We dont have to keep reinventing the wheel. This is called the “ratchet(棘轮) effect”. Like a ratchet that can be turned forward but not back, people s cultural techniques evolve.It is likely that behaviors we see today in
38、 chimpanzee cultures could be invented over and over again by individual animals themselves. In contrast, a child born today would not be able to invent a computer without the knowledge of many past generations.28 .Why does the author mention the example of the chimpanzees in two parks in Paragraph
39、2?A. To prove that culture does exist in animals.B. To justify the uniqueness of the research method.C. To compare how chimpanzees behave in different parks.D. To stress the importance of environment in studying culture.29. What does the underlined word innate in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Advance
40、d.B. Inborn.C. Adaptive.D. Intelligent.30. What can we learn from the passage?A.Cumulative culture is what sets humans apart from animals.B. Culture in animals is as worthy to be valued as human culture.C. Animals dont have the ability to invent behaviors in a community.D. Theratchet effect decides
41、if humans can build on past experiences.DWhen Elinor Lobel was 16, a“smart insulin(胰岛素) pump was attached to her body. Powered by AI, it tracks her glucose levels and administers the right dose of insulin at the right time to keep her healthy. It is one of the new ways that data and AI can help impr
42、ove lives.Books that criticize the dark side of data are plentiful. They generally suggest there is much more to fear than fete in the algorithmic(算法的) age.But the intellectual tide may be turning. One of the most persuasive supporters of a more balanced view is Elinor Lobels mother, Orly, a law pro
43、fessor. In The Equality Machine she acknowledges AIs capacity to produce harmful results. But she shows how. in the right hands, it can also be used to fight inequality and discrimination.A principle of privacy rules is “minimisation: collect and keep as little information as possible, especially in
44、 areas such as race and Render. Ms Lobel flips the script, showing how in hiring, pay and the legal system, knowing such characteristics leads to fairer outcomes.Ms Lobels call to use more, not less, personal information challenges data-privacy orthodoxy(正统观念). But she insists that tracking differen
45、ce is key to detecting unfairness. She advocates a loosening of privacy rules to provide more transparency(透明) over algorithmic decisions.The problems with algorithmic formulae(公式) are tackled in depth in Escape from Model Land by Erica Thompson of the School of Economics.These statistical models ar
46、e the backbone of big data and AI. Yet a perfect model will always be beyond reach.“All models are wrong, runs a wise saying.“Some are useful.”Ms Thompson focuses on a challenge she calls the Hawkmoth Effect. In the better known Butterfly Effect, a serviceable model,in the prediction of climate chan
47、ge, becomes less reliable over time because of the complexity of what it is simulating(模拟), or because of inaccuracies in the original data. In the Hawkmoth Effect, by contrast, the model itself is flawed; it might fail to take full account of the interplay between humidity, wind and temperature.The
48、 author calls on data geeks to improve their solutions to real-world issues, not merely refine their formulae- in other words, to escape from model land.“We do not need to have the best possible answer, she writes,“only a reasonable one.Both these books exhibit a healthy realism about data, algorithms and their limitations. Both recognize
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