1、概要写作示例与写作训练7【写作示例】【原文呈现】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Dear daughter，As we drove off from Columbia, I wanted to write a letter to you to tell you all that is on my mind.You have been an excellent elder sister. Even though you two had your share of fights, the last few years you have become best friends.
2、Your sister loves you so much, and she loves to make you laugh. She looks up to you, and sees you as her role model. College will be the most important years in your life. It is in college that you will truly discover what learning is about. I encourage you to be inquisitive, but I also want to tell
3、 you: Education is what you have left after all that is taught is forgotten. What I mean by that is the ability to analyze a new problem. That is really what learning in college is about this will be the period where you go from teacher-taught to master-inspired, after which you must become self-lea
4、rner. So do take each subject seriously, and even if what you learn isnt critical for your life, the skills of learning will be something you cherish forever. Do your best in classes, but dont let pressure get to you. Your mother and I have no expectations for your grades. If you graduate and learn
5、something in your four years, we would feel happy. Your Columbia degree will take you far, even if you dont graduate with honors. So please dont give yourself pressure. During your last few months in high school, you were so happy because there was little pressure and college applications are finish
6、ed. But in the past few weeks, we saw you are beginning to worry (did you know you bite your nails when you are nervous?). Please dont be worried. The only metric you should use is that you tried. Grades are just silly letters that give the vain people something to brag, and the lazy people somethin
7、g to fear. You are too good to be either.Love,Dad (& Mom)【思维路径】核心内容 本文是李开复写给即将上大学的女儿的信中的节选部分，全文共分四段。第一段主要讲写信的背景和目的。第二段描写了她是个很好的姐姐及她与妹妹的关系。第三段是李开复给女儿关于大学的第一条建议，即他认为大学学习的真正意义是从被动学习转向自主学习的阶段，会使个人转变成一个很好的自学者。第四段是他给女儿的第二条建议，他以女儿两个不同阶段的表现来建议女儿不要给自己太大的压力，不用太在意成绩，而是应该侧重与个人的努力程度。写作思路(1)理清文章脉络、概括段落大意。理清文章脉络、概
8、括段落大意是写摘要的基础，同学们可以通过找主题句、分析段落的逻辑关系来梳理文章的脉络，概括大意。该文第一段内容简单，主要介绍了地点及写信原因，因此没有明显的主题句；第二段是介绍人物关系，主题句为第一句话，”You have been an excellent elder sister”。第三段的第一句话强调了大学的重要性，但是主题句需要自己稍微总结一下，应为what learning in college is about is the ability to analyze a new problem。第四段的主题句则比较明显，为该段第一句话，”Do your best in classes,
9、 but dont let pressure get to you.”(2)确定表达要点、灵活准确表达。因本文是一封信，所以要把本文的题材类型首先表达出来。其次，每段的段落大意都是我们要表达的要点，这可以确保不漏点。在确定表达要点后要思考如何准确灵活表达，这是难点。因为评分标准要求完全使用自己的语言。灵活表达的重要技巧是对原来的语言进行同义替换(paraphrase)，同时要对相关内容进行整合。第一第二段内容不多，可适当表达出要点即可。本文重点在于第三第四段。每段都可归纳一个要点。第三段要点为强调大学学习的主动性，要侧重能力的培养，故在概括的时候可用到该段的部分关键字，如”ability”,”
10、self-learner”,”skills of learning”。第四段要点为不要给自己太大压力，要轻松的学习，不要太在乎成绩。同样也利用巧妙使用关键字的方法来进行概括。句子不能与原文一样，但是我们可以用含有关键字的其他句子来表达。而这段的关键字则为”pressure”,”try”,”happy”等。参考范文 This is a letter a father wrote to the daughter who will enter college soon(要点1). In the letter, father praised daughter as an excellent siste
11、r(要点2). Besides, he emphasized the importance of college and encourage the daughter to cultivate the ability of self-learning(要点3).Whats more, he persuaded the daughter not to put too much pressure on herself(要点4)，instead, happiness is much more important than the grade.(66words)范文解析 范文中主要包含四个要点，分别为
12、每个段落的要点。要点1中介绍了题材和两位主人公。因要点2与要点3，4关联不大，所以把它与要点1用in the letter连接在一起,使文章看上去更连贯一些。因要点3开始是另外一方面的内容，故可理解为转向另一个话题，用besides来进行过渡，并且要点3中有两个小点，这两个小点就可以用and简单连接一下，清晰明了。要点4与要点3是并列关系，故用whats more来承接第二条建议。范文中最后一句话也是要点4的一部分，与前一句话是转折关系，故用instead来导出。综上，范文包含了所有要点，意思全面但又不累赘，措辞简单易懂，结构上也比较清晰。提炼归纳 1. 语义转换语义转换是新题型概要写作中很重
13、要的一项基本技能，因为评价标准对“使用自己的语言进行观点的独立表达”有较高的要求。本范文中我们将”become a self-learner”改写成”the ability of self-learning”,意思一样，但却从不同角度着手，避免了重复运用原文句子的情况。再例如范文中第四段中心句”dont let pressure get to you”,该句已完全表达了第四段的重要内容，如何用另外的句子表达相同的意思是此类作文题的难点之一，我们可以通过改变主语的方式来进行转换，如”persuaded the daughter not to put too much pressure on he
14、rself”。2. 巧用句型巧用句型不仅是原有作文题型中要求的一项提分技能，更是新题型概要写作中的一项增分且实用的技能。将字数较多的原文缩写成60字左右的概要，一个重要的技巧就是学会运用各种学过的句型，尤其是从句的使用。从句能将原来的两个句子的意思表达在一个句子内，意思不变但是字数明显减少。如范文中的第一句“This is a letter a father wrote to the daughter who will enter college soon”，该句为定语从句，整个句子表达了两个意思，一为这是父亲写给女儿的信，二为这个女儿将要上大学了。多使用不同句型的句子不仅能减少字数的使用，而
15、且能使整个文章更加精致和有内容。【写作演练】1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Why do some people live to be older than others? You know the standard explanations: keeping a moderate diet, engaging in regular exercise, etc. But what effect does your personality have on your longevity? Do some kinds of personalities lead to l
16、onger lives? A new study in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society looked at this question by examining the personality characteristics of 246 children of people who had lived to be at least 100.The study shows that those living the longest are more outgoing, more active and less neurotic (神
17、经质的) than other people. Long-living women are also more likely to be sympathetic and cooperative than women with a normal life span. These findings are in agreement with what you would expect from the evolutionary theory: those who like to make friends and help others can gather enough resources to
18、make it through tough times.Interestingly, however, other characteristics that you might consider advantageous had no impact on whether study participants were likely to live longer. Those who were more self-disciplined, for instance, were no more likely to live to be very old. Also, being open to n
19、ew ideas had no relationship to long life, which might explain all those bad-tempered old people who are fixed in their ways.Whether you can successfully change your personality as an adult is the subject of a longstanding psychological debate. But the new paper suggests that if you want long life,
20、you should strive to be as outgoing as possible.Unfortunately, another recent study shows that your mothers personality may also help determine your longevity. That study looked at nearly 28,000 Norwegian mothers and found that those moms who were more anxious, depressed and angry were more likely t
21、o feed their kids unhealthy diets. Patterns of childhood eating can be hard to break when were adults, which may mean that kids of depressed moms end up dying younger.Personality isnt destiny, and everyone knows that individuals can learn to change. But both studies show that long life isnt just a m
22、atter of your physical health but of your mental health._2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。 Being a high school student is probably one of the hardest things in the world. From the countless classes to the endless homework, your school may seem stressful some days. So, its understandable if you feel und
23、er pressure sometimes. However, by making a few changes, your high school life could become easier. First, as starters, try to build a better relationship with the most important people in your life: your parents. “To succeed, teens need love, acceptance and support from their parents,” psychologist
24、 Sara Villanueva wrote on Psychology Today website. With this in mind, try to explain your difficulties to your parents. That way, theyll understand you better. To do this, simply talk to your parents and share your feelings with them and they may be able to help you. Having a good relationship with
25、 your teachers is important too. If youre finding a certain class too hard, talk to your teachers and ask them for help. Its teachers job to make sure their students understand what they teach, so theyll be more than happy to help you. And then, you also should start by helping yourself to become mo
26、re successful at anything you do. To start with, set yourself some realistic goals, like “Ill improve my math grade by next semester,” or “Ill join one more after-school club.” And rather than just tell yourself these goals, plan them out carefullyand stick to them. You can get yourself a calendar,
27、and mark every piece of school work you have on there, for example. That way, you can see exactly what you need to do and when you need to finish it by. Another thing to remember, however, is that relaxation is just as important as working hard. “It is good to take time to relax during heavy periods
28、 of work to stay energized (精力充沛的) and focused,” US student Anna Pohoryles wrote on university website Odyssey. So, if things get too difficult, taking a break may be the best solution of all._3.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Eighty-five percent of the jobs that todays students will do in 2030 dont exist
29、 yet,the Institute for the Future has predicted.That might seem like a high number to reach in only 10 years.But think about the non-mainstream careers that did not exist just a handful of years ago: social media manager,app developer and cloud computing engineer,etc.What role should colleges and un
30、iversities play in preparing students for a workplace that is constantly changing? Educational institutions are trying to answer that question.We hope they will not only be prepared for whatever the job market looks like in 10,20 or 50 years but be the ones shaping it, said Jenn Stringer,professor a
31、t the University of Californian,Berkeley.Here are some of the approaches theyre taking.Some experts argue that the four-year learning model needs to be rethought in a big way. They say education can no longer be seen as something that stops when a person graduates from college.If students could take
32、 a year or two off school,get a job,and then return to school a few years later,the education system would offer true life-long learning and better adapt to changing technology.Fewer employers are willing to train people on the job than the employers 50 years ago, largely as part of an effort to cut
33、 costs.To fill the job skills gap,some courses are offered as an add-on to a students main degree.For example,the courses may include data analysis,web design and digital marketing.The goal is to offer students,a degree aside,some advantages when they seek jobs or promotions in the future. Other ins
34、titutions are trying to imitate the workplace within the traditional classroom. Several colleges have partnered with private companies,such as the software company Adobe, to integrate their products into the classroom.Professors at schools who partner with the company are encouraged to use the produ
35、ct for assignments.The idea is that students learn how to create a project that can be used in the real world and thesoft skillssuch as teamwork and creativity._4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Cultures can be different from each other in many aspects. People can eat different foods and live in different
36、 types of houses. People probably speak different languages and have beliefs and customs very different from yours. However, they can be similar in ways of connecting with each other. We sometimes call these means of communication universal languages.Some legends hold that (据说) thousands of years ag
37、o there was a single language spoken by everyone. It is fun to think about a time when everyone may have been able to communicate in the same language though historical evidence does not support this, of course.Today, there are thousands of languages spoken around the world. Yet, there are some mean
38、s of communication that go beyond words and allow people of wildly different backgrounds to communicate and share emotions and feelings. For example, some people believe music is a universal language. There may be some scientific support for this idea, too. Experts have learned that across cultures
39、people can recognize three common emotions in music: happiness, sadness and fear.Another universal language that you might not have thought of is math! If you think about it now, it just makes sense. The value of “pi” is roughly 3.14159 no matter where you are. Similarly, we judge the value of somet
40、hing by the same mathematical calculations, no matter whether youre counting in dollars, pounds or RMB._5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇 60 词左右的内容概要。In todays world where we have various translation apps that allow us to talk to almost anyone “in his own language”, why do we still need to make an effort to learn a
41、 foreign language ourselves? There are practical reasons, of course. For example, those who are bilingual (具备双语能力的) have a better chance in the job market. And science has proved that learning to speak more than one language can train ones brain to be stronger.But theres more to it than that. US aut
42、hor Rita Mae Brown once wrote: “Language is the road map of a culture.” By taking a look at the vocabulary and idioms of a language system, we get a glimpse (一瞥) at whats held important in a certain culture. Take the Swedish word “lagom” for example. It means “just the right amount”, which doesnt ha
43、ve a matching word either in English or in Chinese. From “lagom”, we can see how much the concepts of “moderation (适度)” and “balance” are valued in Swedish culture. By learning a foreign language, you also gain a better understanding of your own culture. Irish language expert Benny Lewis explained t
44、his idea in his blog with an interesting metaphor: “Trying to understand your own culture merely from within it is like trying to understand what a bus is like if youve only ever ridden inside it. If you want the bigger picture, you need to get off that bus and examine it from the outside.” And by o
45、pening our eyes to different cultures, were able to understand better how people grow up to be different from one another. We also learn to be more tolerant and respectful to the diversity of the world.As Trinity University professor Leonardo De Valoes wrote on the schools website: “Foreign language study is simply part of a very basic liberal education: to educate is to lead out, to lead out of narrowness and darkness.”_
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