1、外研版 高一年级 (必修2) Module 4,Grammar,ing form and the infinitive,1. 作主语,(1) -ing形式和不定式都可在句中用作主语。一般情况下可以互换。To learn a foreign language is not easy. =Learning a foreign language is not easy. 学习外语是不容易的。,(2) 表示具体的, 特定情况下的或有待于完成的动作时, 常用不定式。 To finish such a novel will take me several days. 读完这本小说需要花去我几天的时间。,
2、Its impossible to get to Beijing in three hours this time, because there is something wrong with our car. 看来这次三个小时是到不了北京了, 因为我们的车出问题了。 (3) 在 “It is + 形容词(如necessary) + for/ of sb. ”的结构后, 通常用不定式作真正的主语。而 “It is no use/no good/a waste of time”后通常接ing形式。,Its quite impossible to finish the work with so l
3、ittle money. 用这么少的钱想完成这项工作是不可能的。 Its no use asking him for help. 向他求助是没有用的。 (4) There is no 结构后只能接ing形式。There is no knowing whether he is dead or alive. 无从得知他是死是活。,2.作表语,(1) 两者都可用作表语, 而且一般情况下可以互换。His work is to paint houses. = His work is painting houses. 他的工作就是粉刷房屋。 (2) 表示具体的, 特定情况下的, 将来的动作, 通常用动词不
4、定式。,Our homework today is to finish the exercises 2 and 3 on page 10. 我们今天的作业就是完成第10页的练习2和3。 (3) 主语与表语通常要保持形式一致。To see is to believe. =Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。,3. 作宾语,(1) 有些动词后面只能用不定式作宾语，常见此类动词有：ask, agree, beg, decide, determine, fail, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise,
5、refuse, set out, want, wish, expect, demand She decided to help him.她决定帮他。, As a student, he cant afford to buy a car now. 作为一个学生，他现在买不起车。 Though he was very busy, he managed to take time to attend the wedding. 虽然他很忙，还是参加了那个婚礼。 (2) 有些动词后只能接ing形式作宾语，常见此类动词有：,admit, advise, appreciate, avoid, cant hel
6、p, consider(考虑), delay, deny, endure, enjoy, excuse, escape, face, fancy, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, keep, keep on, mind, miss, mention, pardon, permit, practise, put off, risk, resist, suggest, understand等。 The doctor advised taking more exercise. 医生建议多做运动。, I suggest doing it in this way.
7、我建议这样做。注意: 一些动词短语中含有介词to, 不要和不定式中的to混淆。常见此类短语:be used to, come to, devote to, get down to, lead to, look forward to, pay attention to, refer to, stick to等。, I really must get down to considering it seriously. 我真的必须认真考虑一下这事了。 We are looking forward to seeing you again. 我们盼望着再次见到你。 (3) 有些动词后既可接ing形式,
8、也可接不定式, 而且意义上没有差别。常见此类动词: cant stand, prefer, learn, continue等。, I cant stand seeing/to see good food going to waste. 我无法忍受看到好好的粮食被浪费掉。 She continue to work/working after having a baby. 有了孩子后她仍然继续工作。,(4) begin, start后跟不定式或动名词皆可, 通常可以互换, 但在下列情况下, 只用不定式。 1) start, begin本身为时行时时。 The boy noticed his fat
9、her was beginning to get angry, so he ran away. 那个小男孩注意到他的父亲开始生气了, 所以就跑开了。,2) 当主语为非生物名词或it时。A strong wind started to blow. 一阵强风开始刮起来。 3) 当其后接表示心理活动的词时, 如understand, realize, know, see等。He began to realize the importance of foreign languages. 他开始意识到外语的重要性。,(4) 在hate, like, love后, 表示经常性, 习惯性的动词时, 通常用动
10、名词; 表示特定的、具体的某次行为则用不定式。 I dont like bothering him when he is busy. 我不喜欢在他忙得时候打扰他。, I usually like staying with him, but I even hate to see him that night. 我通常喜欢和他在一起，但是那天晚上我甚至不想见到他。,(5) 在remember, forget, try, go on, regret, mean, stop, want, need, require等动词后既可接ing, 也可接不定式, 但含义不同。 1) remember to do
11、记着去做(还没有做的事)remember doing记得做过某事,2) forget to do 忘记要去做某事forget doing 忘记了做的事 3) go on to do 继续做另一件事go on doing 继续做(原来做的)同一件事 4) regret to do 遗憾将要做某事regret doing 后悔做过某事 5) mean to do 打算做某事mean doing 意味着做某事,6) stop to do 停止(正在做的事)去做另一件stop doing 停止正在做的事 7) try to do 努力做某事try doing 偿试着做某事 8) want to do
12、想要做某事want doing 需要被 9) need/require to do 需要做某事need/require doing 需要被, Please remember to turn off the light when you leave. 离开时请记着关灯。 Certainly I posted your letterI remember posting it. 我当然给你寄信了, 我记得寄过它。 The machine needs cleaning.( needs to be cleaned). 这台机器需要清洁了。,4. 作宾补,(1) 常见用不定式作宾补的动词。allow, h
13、elp, warn, ask, force, tell, expect, promise, wish, want We expected him to win an Olympic gold medal. 我们期盼他赢一枚奥运金牌。 Tell him to come early. 告诉他早点来。,(2) 不定式(不带to)和动词ing形式都可在感官动词和使役动词(feel, make, let, see, hear, watch, listen to, look at, notice, observe)后作宾补。不定式强调动作发生了, 完成了; ing形式则强调动作正在进行。 I saw a
14、man walk into the garden and pick some flowers. 我看到一个男的进入花园, 摘了一些花。(进园摘花的动作已完成), I saw a man walking into the garden. 我看到一个男的正在进入花园。(walk这个动作在“我看的时候”正在进行) We heard him sing a song at the party.我们在晚会上听他唱了一首歌。(他唱了一首, 我们完整的听了一首。), I heard him singing a song when passing his window. 经过他的窗户时，我听到他正在唱歌。(我只
15、听了一部分, 没有听完, 我过去后他可能还在唱）,(3) 不定式在感官动词和使役动词后作宾补时，在主动语态时，不能带to, 而变为被动语态时，要加上to。 They saw him steal Toms money. 他们看到他偷了汤姆的钱。 He was seen to steal Toms money. 他被看到偷了汤姆的钱。,5. 作状语,不定式作状语, 通常表示目的, 结果, 有时 也放在形容词、过去分词后表示原因; ing 形式作状语时通常表示时间、原因、条 件或伴随等。 Ive taken some money out of the bank to buy a laptop. (目
16、的) 为了买手提电脑, 我从银行了取了钱。, He hurried to the school (only) to find nobody there.(结果) 他匆忙赶到学校, 却发现那儿没人。 Im glad to hear that.(原因) 听到那件事我很高兴。 Seeing the picture, he couldnt help thinking of those memorable days.(时间) 看到这张照片(的时候), 他情不自禁地想起了那些难忘的日了。, Not knowing his address, we couldnt get in touch with him.
17、 (原因) 不知道他的地址, 我们无法和他取得 联系。 Working hard, you will get what you want. (条件) 努力工作, 你会得到你想要的东西的。 The baby was lying in bed crying. (伴随) 婴儿在床上哭泣。,1. I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there. A. to take B. to be taken C. taking D. being taken,高考链接,2. Bill suggested _ a meeting on what
18、to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation. A. having held B. to hold C. holding D. hold,3. David threatened _ his neighbour to the police if the damages were not paid. A. to be reported B. reporting C. to report D. having reported,4. Susan wanted to be independent of her parents. She tried _ a
19、lone, but she didnt like it and moved back home. A. living B. to live C. to be living D. having lived,5. They are quiet, arent they?Yes. They are accustomed _ at meals. A. to talk B. to not talk C. to talking D. to not talking,6. All the staff in our company are considering _ to the city centre for the fashion show. A. to go B. going C. to have gone D. having gone,7. You cant imagine what difficulty we had _ home in the snowstorm. A. walked B. walk C. to walk D. walking,8. Isnt it time you got down to _ the papers?A. mark B. be marked C. being marked D. marking,
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