1、Grammar and Usage,Overview: infinitive, verb-ed and verb-ing(II),Descriptions,Help to review infinitive, verb-ed and verb-ing used as adverbials. Put the three non-finite verbs into practice in a certain situation.,表语,主语,宾语,不定式,宾语补足语,定语,状语,to do as an adv. 不定式作状语，表示目的、 结果、原因、条件等。,(辽宁卷) All these gif
2、ts must be mailed immediately _ in time for Christmas. in order to have received B. in order to receive C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving,Tip 1: so as to (不能放句首), to, in order to作目的状语可以放在句首或句中。,He hurried to the station only _ that the train had gone.A. to find B. finding C. found D.
3、to have found,Tip 2: 在so as to, such as to, only to 结构中不定式作结果状语，其中only to 用于表示意想不到的结果。,Tip 3 : enough to, too to结构,The boy isnt old enough to go to school. =The boy is too young to go to school.,Im glad to meet you.,Tip4:形容词（glad, happy, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slo
4、w, cruel, clever等）+ 不定式结构作原因状语。,表语,现在分词,宾语补足语,定语,状语,作状语 现在分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语相同；如果不相同，分词前必须加上自己的主语，这种结构被称为独立主格结构。 Time permitting,I will stay for another week. =If time permits,I will stay for another week.,1. 作伴随状语,动词stand,sit和lie加现在分词作伴随状语，表示两个动作同时发生。 We sat there talking to each other. The poor
5、man sat by the road, begging.,2. 作方式状语，表示方式。Americans like travelling, driving their cars.They often communicate with each other, using English.,3. 作时间状语，相当于状语从句。,现在分词可表示动作同时发生或进行，而现在分词的完成时可表示动作的先后顺序，表示它发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Seeing the big snake, the girl was almost frightened to death. =When she saw th
6、e big snake, the girl was almost frightened to death.,Having waited in the line for half an hour, he suddenly realized that he left his wallet at home. =After he waited in the line for half an hour, he suddenly realized that he left his wallet at home. 有时表示时间的分词短语可由连接词when, while, once, until, whene
7、ver等引出。 While reading the novel, he nodded from time to time.,4. 作原因状语，相当于原因状语从句,Being a student, I must work hard. =Because I am a student, I must work hard. Not knowing what to do next, he turned to the teacher for help. =Because he didnt know what to do next, he turned to the teacher for help.,5.
8、 作结果状语 Both his parents died in the war, leaving him alone in the world. The fish can eat a person in two minutes, leaving only the bones.,6. 作条件状语,Working hard,you will succeed one day. =If you work hard,you will succeed one day. Putting more salt into the soup, you will find it more delicious.,表语,
9、过去分词,宾语补足语,定语,状语,过去分词作状语,1. 时间状语,Seen from the hill, the park looks very beautiful.,When the park is seen from the hill, it looks very beautiful.,When completed, the museum will be open to the public.,When it is completed, the museum will be open to the public.,Once seen, it can never be forgotten.,
10、Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten.,2. 原因状语,Frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room.,Because she was frightened by the thunder and lightning in the night, the girl did not dare sleep alone in her own room.,Lost in thought, he al
11、most ran into the car in front of him.,Because he was lost in thought, he almost ran into the car in front of him.,3.条件状语,Given more time, we could do it much better.,If we were given more time, we could do it much better.,Unless invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.,Unless y
12、ou are invited to speak, you should remain silent at the conference.,Compared with other professors, she was an excellent speaker.,(=If she was compared with other professors.),Answers:,To learn how to ski. Accompanied by an experienced ski instructor Thinking that she knew how to ski well While ski
13、ing downhill Although not expecting trouble,6.Having been checked at the near est hospital 7.Hearing the news 8.Not knowing how serious the situation was 9.Arriving at the hospital 10.if properly treated,Practice,1.A railway station is no place for a child _ alone at night.A. leave B. leaving C. to
14、be leaving D. to be left,2. We were warned _ the fish which might give us a slight stomach upset.A. not to eat B. not eating C. to eat not D. eating not,3. _ themselves awake they sat on the floor and told each other stories.A. Keep B. Keeping C. To keep D. To have kept,4. _ these children _ what yo
15、u want is a science I can tell you!A. Getting; done B. Get; doneC. To get; to do D. Getting; to do,5.When youre learning to drive，_ a good teacher makes a big difference.A. have B. having C. and have D. and having,6.A few days after the interview， I received a letter _ me the job.A. offered B. offer
16、ing C. to be offering D. having offered,7.The plane crashed，_ all 200 people aboard.A. killed B. having killed C. killing D. had killed,8.He was always the first _ and the last _ the office.A. to come, to leave B. coming, leavingC. to come, left D. coming, left,9.Robert is said _ one of my classmates the other day,but I dont know who she is.A. to marry B. to have marriedC. to be marrying D. being married,10. With everything she needed_, she left the shop.A. buying B. to buy C. bought D. to be bought,Thank you,
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