1、2019 安徽教师招聘考试英语语法知识点汇总一一、 名词的数 在熟悉可数名词单数变复数规则的基础上,突出以下几点: 1. 以 s 结尾,仍为单数的名词(多为学科名词) , 如: physics, linguistics, mathematics, politics, statistics, news , the United States 2. 抽象名词表示具体或特定的事例时也可作可数名词,单数前面应有不定冠词。如:(1) pleasure, surprise, help, success, failure, danger, difficulty, wonder 等意为“.的人 / 物” 。如
2、:The meeting is a success.(2) worry, honor, disaster, rain, snow, fog, wind, gas, fire, crop, coffee, tea, food 等不可数名词,指“一种”、 “一场 ”及“多种” 、 “多场”时,可以有其单、复数形式。如:There have been strong winds over the last two months.(3) a need, a discovery, a love, a good time, a collection of, a knowledge of, a history
3、 of, a population of, an area of, an understanding of 等已形成固定形式。如: He has a good practical knowledge of computer science.3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如: chicken 鸡肉 / chickens 小鸡; fish 鱼肉 / fishes( fish
4、 )各种鱼; paper 纸 / papers 试卷; water 水 / waters 水域,room 空间/ rooms 房间 5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors 等,注意加单位名词的用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如: people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人) 7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如: belongin
5、gs, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧重各个成员,则用复数,如: audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,publicThe average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. My family are going with me. (师出
6、教育,专注安徽教师考编)9. 单复数同形的名词,如: fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu (亩)等How many deer are there in Dafeng now? 10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives11. 不
7、规则名词的“数” ,如:woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses, 12 .专有名词的“数” ,如: (师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys 13. 非名词类词汇的“数” ,如:缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加s 的方法来构成 three as; two buts; in ones twenties; in the 198
8、0s(1980s) Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟 You mightnt as well use so many ands in your conversation. 14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:advice, baggage, change(零钱), equipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.二、 名词所有格 英语中有些名词可以加“s“来表示所有关系,带这种词
9、尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格, 1. 单数名词词尾加“s“,复数名词词尾没有 s,也要加“s“,如:the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。 2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 “ “,如:the workers struggle 工人的斗争。 3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加s, 如:her brother-in-laws bike, someone elses keys a day or twos rest 4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示“ 分别有“;只有一个s ,则表示共有。 Johns and Marys rooms(两间) Jo
10、hn and Marys room(一间) 5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所 at the doctors 在我姐家 at my sisters 6. 双重所有格,of +名词s 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my fathers , works of Lu Xuns 注意:当 of 之前的名词是 picture, portrait 等词时含义不同 This is a picture of my friends. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画 This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋
11、友的一张照片 三. 名词作定语 1. 一般用单数形式,如:a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs 等,如: sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 a goods train 货车 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 customs house 海关3. man, woma
12、n, gentleman 等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如: a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials 4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。如: two-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan. 一个五年计划一、不定冠词(a/an) 1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于 any。A square has four sides.2. 用于某些物质名词前。 a cof
13、fee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念 3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生 a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚 4. 用于某些固定结构中。 once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry , all of a sudden , as a matter of fact , Its a pity that . 5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / t
14、oo / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。He is so good a teacher that all of us like him6. 冠词放在 quite, many, such, what 等词之后。It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it7. 用在事物的“单位” 前,如价格、速度、比率的名词前,表示“每一”。Take this medicine three times a day.8. 用于同源宾语中:die a death ; dream a dream
15、 ; fight a fight ; sleep a sleep; live/lead a life; smile a smile 二、定冠词(the) 1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。如:Is this the book you are looking for?2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但 space 表示“太空”,nature 表示“大自然” ,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。如:the stars,the moon,the sun, the universe 等。( 师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物
16、。We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy. 4. 用于表示方位的名词前。the east, the left, the south5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。the tallestboyHe is the taller of the two brothers.6. in + the + 数词复数式。如:in the early 1920s 7. the + 比较级 + , the + 比较级 + :; 越; 就越 。如:The harder you stud
17、y English, the more progress you will make.8. the +姓氏复数:如 the Greens, 格林一家 9. the + adj.; the + 分词。如:the rich 富人; the living 生者 ; the sick 病人; the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西10.by the + 单位名词。如 by the hour,按小时计 11.v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。如:(师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)A stone hit John on the head. 12.play
18、+ the + 乐器名称。如:play the piano. 弹钢琴. 13.用在惯用语中。例如: in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening ), the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday, the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark, in the rain, in the distance, in the middle (of), in the end, on the whole, by the way,
19、go to the theatre三、零冠词:1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。 2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指; 如:Horses are useful animals. (思考: A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal) 3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词; We made him president of USA. Whos this, Mother? 4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词; 如:Have you had supper? 5. 表示季节、月份,星期或含 day
20、表节日的名词前不用冠词; 如:March, Christmas, Womens Day (但是:the Spring Festival ) 6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词; 如:his book; that cat; any people 7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。如:by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese, English literature8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。 husband and wife, knife and fork, face to face, side by side to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table Child as he is, he knows a lot of English. (师出教育,专注安徽教师考编)At last, she turned doctor. (但是: She became a doctor.)