1、直接引语和间接引语对于直接引语和间接引语的掌握,我们可以遵循这样一个原则:一个概念,两种形式,三种句型,四种变化。一个概念:直接引述别人的原话,叫做直接引语;用自己的话转述别人的话,叫做间接引语。两种形式:直接引语一般前后要加引号;间接引语不用加引号。三种句型:陈述句、疑问句和祈使句。四种变化:人称、时态、语序和状语。一、陈述句直接引语是陈述句,变成间接引语时,由连词 that 引导,that 在口语中可以省略。The man said, “I am very poor.”The man said (that) he was very poor.二、疑问句1直接引语是一般疑问句,变成间接引语时
2、,由连词 whether 或 if 引导。He asked me, “Are you interested in WeChat?”He asked me if/whether I was interested in WeChat.2直接引语是特殊疑问句,变成间接引语时,由相应的疑问词who,whom,whose,how,when ,why ,where 等引导。“Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked.The teacher asked why she had refused to go there.三、直接引语变为间接引语时的四种
3、变化1直接引语变间接引语时,要注意人称的变化。对于人称的变化,可记住下面的顺口溜:“一随主,二随宾,第三人称不更新”。(1)“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,在间接引语中,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称而变化。She said, “My brother wants to go with me.”She said her brother wanted to go with her.(2)“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,若直接引语中的主语及宾语是第二人称或被第二人称所修饰,在间接引语中,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外
4、的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。He asked Kate, “How is your sister now?”He asked Kate how her sister was then.(3)“第三人称不更新” 是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰,在间接引语中,从句中的人称一般不需要变化。Mr Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.”Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.2直接引语变为间接引语时,主句的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分) 的谓语动词在时态方面要做相应的
5、变化。变化如下:直接引语 间接引语一般现在时 一般过去时现在进行时 过去进行时现在完成时 过去完成时一般过去时 过去完成时过去完成时 不变一般将来时 过去将来时His friend said to him, “We are planning to have a picnic.”他的朋友对他说:“我们计划去野餐。 ”(直接引语为现在进行时 )His friend told him that they were planning to have a picnic.他的朋友告诉他说,他们计划去野餐。(间接引语改为过去进行时)The organizer said, “We have begun our
6、 plan.”组织者说:“我们已开始了我们的计划。 ”(直接引语为现在完成时 )The organizer said that they had begun their plan.组织者说,他们已开始了他们的计划。(间接引语改为过去完成时)注意:直接引语变为间接引语时,从句时态不发生变化的情况:(1)直接引语是客观真理、谚语和格言时,其时态不变。“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, ” the teacher told me.The teacher told me that the earth
7、moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.(2)直接引语中有具体的过去时间作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。Tom said, “I was born on April 21,1980.”Tom said he was born on April 21,1980.(3)主句的时态是一般现在时或一般将来时,变为间接引语时,从句时态不变。He says, “I am very happy.”He says that he is very happy.3语序的变化直接引语是一般疑问句或特殊疑问句,变为间接引语时要把疑问句的语序变
8、为陈述句的语序。He asked me, “Do you really understand the meaning of the sentence?”He asked me if/whether I really understood the meaning of the sentence.4其他变化时间状语、地点状语、指示代词及方向性动词的变化。引语用词 直接引语 间接引语this that指示代词these thosenow thentoday that daythis morning that morningtomorrow the next/following dayyesterda
9、y the day beforelast night the night before时间状语ago before地点状语 here therebring take方向性动词come goShe asked, “Is this book his?”她问:“这本书是他的吗?”(直接引语中用 this)She asked whether that book was his.她问那本书是不是他的。(间接引语中改为 that)“Ill be very busy today, ” said the man.那个人说:“我今天会很忙。 ”(直接引语中用 today)The man said he would be very busy that day.那个人说,那天他会很忙。(间接引语中改为 that day)注 意 : 如 果 转 述 时 是 在 原 来 的 地 方 或 说 话 的 当 天 , 就 不 必 改 变 指 示 代 词 、 时 间 状 语 、 地 点 状语 等 。