1、精准培优专练2019届高三好教育精准培优专练培优点十二 阅读理解-主旨大意题一、 真题在线Passage1（2019全国I卷，D）During the rosy years of elementary school(小学), I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes, which allowed me to keep my high social status. I was the queen of the playground. Then came my tweens and teens, and mean girls and cool kids. They
2、rose in the ranks not by being friendly but by smoking cigarettes, breaking rules and playing jokes on others, among whom I soon found myself.Popularity is a well-explored subject in social psychology. Mitch Prinstein, a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories: the lik
3、able and the status seekers. The likables plays-well-with-others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships, jump-start interpersonal skills and, when tapped early, are employed ever after in life and work. Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence: status born of power and eve
4、n dishonorable behavior.Enviable as the cool kids may have seemed, Dr. Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences. Those who were highest in status in high school, as well as those least liked in elementary school, are “most likely to engage(从事)in dangerous and risky behavior.”In one study, Dr.
5、 Prinstein examined the two types of popularity in 235 adolescents, scoring the least liked, the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys (调查研究). “We found that the least well-liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates. But so had those who were hig
6、h in status. It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment, high status has just the opposite effect on us.Dr. Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play date-sharing, kindness, openness carry over to later years and make you bette
7、r able to relate and connect with others.In analyzing his and other research，Dr. Prinstein came to another conclusion: Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes, but it is also responsible for those outcomes, too. Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of lif
8、e experiences that help somebody gain an advantage,” he said.32. What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school?A. Unkind.B. Lonely.C. Generous.D. Cool.33. What is the second paragraph mainly about？A. The classification of the popular.B. The characteristics of adolescents.C
9、. The importance of interpersonal skills.D. The causes of dishonorable behavior34. What did Dr. Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids?A. They appeared to be aggressive.B. They tended to be more adaptable.C. They enjoyed the highest status.D. They performed well academically.35. What is the
10、 best title for the text?A. Be Nice-You Wont Finish LastB. The Higher the Status, the BeerC. Be the Best-You Can Make ItD. More Self-Control, Less AggressivenessPassage2（2019全国II卷，C）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her
11、salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtels “me” time. And like more Americans, shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half (53 percent) have breakfast alone and nearly half (46 percent) have lunch by themselves. Only at d
12、innertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，according to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out. Alone,but together,you know?”Bechtel said, looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach,has lunch with coworkers sometimes,but like many of us,too of
13、ten works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. “Today, I just wanted some time to myself,”she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny,a local videographer,is finishing his lunch at the bar. H
14、e likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). “I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week,” he said. “Its a chance for self-reflection, you return to work recharg
15、ed and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one, but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. “It doesnt feel as alone as it may have b
16、efore all the advances in technology,” said Laurie Demerit, whose company provided the statistics for the report.28. What are the statistics in paragraph 2 about?A. Food variety.B. Eating habits.C. Table manners.D. Restaurant service.29. Why does Bechtel prefer to go out for lunch?A. To meet with he
17、r coworkers.B. To catch up with her work.C. To have some time on her own.D. To collect data for her report.30. What do we know about Mazoleny?A. He makes videos for the bar.B. Hes fond of the food at the bar.C. He interviews customers at the bar.D. Hes familiar with the barkeeper.31. What is the tex
18、t mainly about?A. The trend of having meals alone.B. The importance of self-reflection.C. The stress from working overtime.D. The advantage of wireless technology.Passage3（2019浙江卷，C）California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate chang
19、e seems to be a major factor(因素).The number of trees larger than two feet across has declined by 50 percent on more than 46, 000 square miles of California forests, the new study finds. No area was spared or unaffected, from the foggy northern coast to the Sierra Nevada Mountains to the San Gabriels
20、 above Los Angeles. In the Sierra high country, the number of big trees has fallen by more than 55 percent; in parts of southern California the decline was nearly 75 percent.Many factors contributed to the decline, said Patrick Mclntyre, an ecologist who was the lead author of the study. Woodcutters
21、 targeted big trees. Housing development pushed into the woods. Aggressive wildfire control has left California forests crowded with small trees that compete with big trees for resources(资源).But in comparing a study of California forests done in the 1920s and 1930s with another one between 2001 and
22、2010, Mclntyre and his colleagues documented a widespread death of big trees that was evident even in wildlands protected from woodcutting or development.The loss of big trees was greatest in areas where trees had suffered the greatest water shortage. The researchers figured out water stress with a
23、computer model that calculated how much water trees were getting in comparison with how much they needed, taking into account such things as rainfall, air temperature, dampness of soil, and the timing of snowmelt(融雪).Since the 1930s, Mclntyre said, the biggest factors driving up water stress in the
24、state have been rising temperatures, which cause trees to lose more water to the air, and earlier snowmelt, which reduces the water supply available to trees during the dry season.27. What is the second paragraph mainly about?A. The seriousness of big-tree loss in California.B. The increasing variet
25、y of California big trees.C. The distribution of big trees in California forests.D. The influence of farming on big trees in California.28. Which of the following is well-intentioned but may be bad for big trees?A. Ecological studies of forests.B. Banning woodcutting.C. Limiting housing development.
26、D. Fire control measures.29. What is a major cause of the water shortage according to Mclntyre?A. Inadequate snowmelt.B. A longer dry season.C. A warmer climate.D. Dampness of the air.30. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Californias Forests: Where Have All the Big Trees Gone?B. Cutting o
27、f Big Trees to Be Prohibited in California SoonC. Why Are the Big Trees Important to California Forests?D. Patrick Mclntyre: Grow More Big Trees in CaliforniaPassage4（2019北京卷 ，D）By the end of the century，if not sooner，the worlds oceans will be bluer and greener thanks to a warming climate，according
28、to a new study.At the heart of the phenomenon lie tiny marine microorganisms(海洋微生物)called phytoplankton. Because of the way light reflects off the organisms，these phytoplankton create colourful patterns at the ocean surface. Ocean colour varies from green to blue，depending on the type and concentrat
29、ion of phytoplankton. Climate change will fuel the growth of phytoplankton in some areas，while reducing it in other spots，leading to changes in the oceans appearance.Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface，where they pull carbon dioxide(二氧化碳)into the ocean while giving off oxygen. When these organis
30、ms die，they bury carbon in the deep ocean，an important process that helps to regulate the global climate. But phytoplankton are vulnerable to the oceans warming trend. Warming changes key characteristics of the ocean and can affect phytoplankton growth，since they need not only sunlight and carbon di
31、oxide to grow，but also nutrients.Stephanie Dutkiewicz，a scientist in MITs Center for Global Change Science，built a climate model that projects changes to the oceans throughout the century. In a world that warms up by 3，it found that multiple changes to the colour of the oceans would occur. The model
32、 projects that currently blue areas with little phytoplankton could become even bluer. But in some waters，such as those of the Arctic，a warming will make conditions riper for phytoplankton，and these areas will turn greener. “Not only are the quantities of phytoplankton in the ocean changing. ”she sa
33、id，“but the type of phytoplankton is changing. ”42. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. The various patterns at the ocean surface.B. The cause of the changes in ocean colour.C. The way light reflects off marine organisms.D. The efforts to fuel the growth of phytoplankton.43. What does
34、the underlined word“vulnerable”in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A. Sensitive.B. Beneficial.C. Significant.D. Unnoticeable.44. What can we learn from the passage?A. Phytoplankton play a declining role in the marine ecosystemB. Dutkiewiczs model aims to project phytoplankton changes.C. Phytoplankton have
35、been used to control global climate.D. Oceans with more phytoplankton may appear greener.45. What is the main purpose of the passage？A. To assess the consequences of ocean colour changes.B. To analyse the composition of the ocean food chain.C. To explain the effects of climate change on oceans.D. To
36、 introduce a new method to study phytoplankton.二、对点专练Passage 1Tiny microbes(微生物)are at the heart of a new agricultural technique to manage harmful greenhouse gas. Scientists have discovered how microbes can be used to turn carbon dioxide into soil-enriching limestone(石灰石)，with the help of a type of
37、tree that grows in tropical areas, such as West Africa.Researchers have found that when the Iroko tree is grown in dry, acidic soil and treated with a combination of natural fungi(霉菌)and other bacteria, not only does the tree grow well, it also produces the mineral limestone in the soil around its r
38、oot.The Iroko tree makes a mineral by combining Ca from the earth with CO2 from the atmosphere. The bacteria then create the conditions under which this mineral turns into limestone. The discovery offers a new way to lock carbon into the soil, keeping it out of the atmosphere. In addition to storing
39、 carbon in the trees, leaves and in the form of limestone, the mineral in the soil makes it more suitable for agriculture.The discovery could lead to reforestation(重新造林)projects in tropical countries, and help reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere in the developing world. It has already been used
40、in West Africa and is being tested in Bolivia, Haiti and India.The findings were made in a three-year project involving researchers from the Universities of Edinburgh, Granada, Lausanne and Delft University of Technology. The project examined several microbiological methods of locking CO2 as limesto
41、ne, and the Iroko-bacteria way showed best results. Work was funded by the European Commission under the Future&Emerging Technologies (FET) scheme.Dr Bryne Ngwenya of the University of Edinburghs School of GeoSciences, who led the research, said: By taking advantage of this natural limestone-produci
42、ng process, we have a low-tech, safe, readily employed and easily operating way to lock carbon out of the atmosphere, while improving farming conditions in tropical countries.”1. The passage is mainly introducing .A. some useful natural fungi and bacteriaB. a newly-found tree in West AfricaC. a new
43、way to deal with greenhouse gasD. the soil-enriching limestone created by scientists2. Which of the following is True about tiny microbes?A. Most tiny microbes like living in dry, acidic soil.B. Tiny microbes get along well with the Iroko tree in special soil.C. The more greenhouse gas is, the more
44、active tiny microbes become.D.CO2 can be broken down by natural fungi and bacteria.3. According to the passage, what can we infer?A. The action of the tiny microbes can increase the oxygen in the earth.B. Researchers have done the experiment on trees in Africa for three years,C. West Africa is one o
45、f the most polluted areas all over the world.D. Researchers tend to use natural power to solve their problem.4. According to the passage, the Iroko-bacteria method .A. has been popularized in Bolivia, Haiti and IndiaB. can save a lot of seriously destroyed woodsC. can be used to improve the farming
46、landD. should be spread all around the world in the futurePassage 2Four years ago, we asked ourselves: what if we could create a shopping experience with no waiting in lines and no checkout? Or could we create a physical store where customers could simply take what they want and go? Our answer to th
47、ose questions is Amazon Go, where you could experience the idea of “just walk out shopping”.Amazon Go is a new kind of store with no checkout required. We created the worlds most advanced shopping technology, so you never have to wait in line. With our “just walk out shopping” experience, simply use
48、 the Amazon Go app to enter the store, take the products you want, and go! No lines, no checkout.Our checkout-free shopping experience is made possible by the same types of technologies used in self-driving cars: computer vision, sensor fusion, and deep learning. Our “just walk out technology” automatically detects when products are taken from or returned to the shelves and keeps track of them in your virtual cart（虚拟购物车）. When youve done shopping, you can just leave the store. Shortly after, well charge your Amazon a
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