1、精准培优专练培优点十六 完形填空之说明文一、真题在线(2016上海卷完型填空)In the 1960s, Douglas McGregor, one of the key thinkers in the art of management, developed the mow famous Theory X and Theory Y. Theory X is the idea that people instinctively 1 work and will do anything to avoid it. Theory Y is the view that everyone has the
2、potential to find satisfaction in work.In any case, despite so much evidence to the 2 , many managers still agree to Theory X. They believe, 3 , that their employees need constant supervision if they are to work effectively, or that decisions must be imposed from 4 without consultation. This, of cou
3、rse, makes for authoritarian (专制的) managers.Different cultures have different ways of 5 people. Unlike authoritarian management, some cultures, particularly in Asia, are well known for the consultative nature of decision-makingall members of the department or work group are asked to 6 to this proces
4、s. This is management by the collective opinion. Many western companies have tried to imitate such Asian ways of doing things, which are based on general 7 . Some experts say that women will become more effective managers than men because they have the power to reach common goals in a way that tradi
5、tional 8 managers cannot.A recent trend has been to encourage employees to use their own initiative, to make decisions on their own without 9 managers first. This empowerment (授权) has been part of the trend towards downsizing: 10 the number of management layers in companies. After de-layering in thi
6、s way, a company may be 11 with just a top level of senior managers, front-line managers and employees with direct contact with the public. Empowerment takes the idea of delegation (委托) much further than has 12 been the case. Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management control to 13 that
7、 the overall business plan is being followed, and that operations become more profitable under the new organization, rather than less.Another trend is off-site or 14 management, where teams of people linked by e-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses. Project managers evaluate
8、the 15 of the team members in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on them.1. A. desireB. seekC. loseD. dislike 2. A. contraryB. expectationC. degreeD. extreme 3. A. vice versaB. for exampleC. howeverD. otherwise4. A. outsideB. insideC. belowD. above 5.
9、A. replacingB. assessingC. managingD. encouraging 6. A. referB. contributeC. objectD. apply7. A. agreementB. practiceC. electionD. impression8. A. bossyB. experiencedC. westernD. male 9. A. askingB. trainingC. warningD. firing 10. A. doublingB. maintainingC. reducingD. estimating 11. A. honored B. l
10、eftC. crowdedD. compared12. A. economicallyB. traditionallyC. inadequatelyD. occasionally 13. A. denyB. admitC. assumeD. ensure14. A. virtualB. ineffectiveC. day-to-dayD. on-the-scene15. A. opinionB. riskC. performanceD. attractiveness二、对点专练Passage 1September 22, 2018 will be World Car-Free Day, a d
11、ay on which people across the globe are encouraged to find _1_ methods to meet their transportation needs and re-discover buses, bikes, and their own _2_.On this day, people get together in the streets, intersections, and neighborhood blocks to _3_ the world that we dont have to accept our car-contr
12、olled society.While _4_ along these lines had taken place from time to time starting _5_ the 1973 oil crisis, it was only in October, 1994 _6_ a structured call for such projects was _7_ in a keynote speech by Eric Britton at the International Accessible Cities Conference held in Toledo (Spain).The
13、first national campaign was launched in Britain in 1997, and the French followed suit in 1998. In 2000, car Busters issued an open _8_ for a “World Car-Free Day” to _9_ with Europes Car-Free Day on September 22. _10_ then, we have begun to call for citizens to organize _11_ on or near this day.Howev
14、er, we do not want _12_ one day of celebrations and then return to _13_ life. World Car-Free Day is the _14_ time to remind city planners and politicians to _15_ cycling, walking and public transport. It is up to us, cities and governments to help _16_ permanent changes to _17_ pedestrians, cyclists
15、 and other people who do not drive cars.While _18_ accomplishment has been achieved in terms of media coverage, these events _19_ to be difficult to achieve real success and even a decade later there is considerable uncertainty about the usefulness of this approach. Broad public support and _20_ to
16、change is needed for successful implementation (执行).1. A. effectiveB. efficientC. usefulD. alternative2. A. legsB. motorsC. subwayD. feet3. A. recallB. remindC. realizeD. recommend4. A. projectsB. eventsC. activitiesD. meetings5. A. asB. onC. withD. beyond6. A. whenB. thatC. whereD. how7. A. underta
17、kenB. submittedC. developedD. issued8. A. answerB. callC. wishD. longing9. A. connectB. involveC. consistD. concern10. A. SinceB. BeforeC. AfterD. Right11. A. eventsB. affairsC. incidentsD. accidents12. A. evenB. stillC. justD. ever13. A. usualB. previousC. ordinaryD. average14. A. perfectB. limited
18、C. accurateD. correct15. A. give way toB. give priority toC. give rise toD. give in to16. A. employB. decreaseC. createD. increase17. A. assistB. benefitC. instructD. influence18. A. constantB. similarC. envyingD. considerable19. A. turn outB. work outC. carry outD. figure out20. A. approachB. attit
19、udeC. chanceD. commitmentPassage 2Im sitting in a quiet hotel room. Its just past noon, late July, and Im listening to the _1_ sounds of a life-or-death struggle going on a few feet away. Theres a small fly burning out the _2_ of its short lifes energies in a fruitless attempt to _3_ through the gla
20、ss window. The beating wings tell the moving story of the flys _4_: Try harder.But its not _5_.The crazy effort offers no hope for _6_. Ironically, the struggle is part of the _7_. It is _8_ for the fly to try hard enough to succeed in breaking through the glass. This fly is doomed. It will die ther
21、e on the windowsill. Across the room, ten steps away, the door is _9_. Ten seconds of flying time and this small creature could _10_ the outside world it seeks. With only a fraction of the effort now being _11_, it could be free of this self-created trap. Why doesnt the fly try another approach, som
22、ething dramatically _12_? How did it get so _13_ in the idea that this particular route offers the most promise for success? What logic is there in continuing to seek a/an _14_ by repeating the same failed action?There is no doubt that the approach of “keep trying hard” makes sense to the fly. Regre
23、ttably, its the same idea that will eventually _15_ the fly. Trying harder isnt _16_ the solution to achieving more. It may not offer any real _17_ for getting what you want out of life. Sometimes, trying harder is the problem. If you _18_ your hopes for a breakthrough on trying harder than ever, yo
24、u may _19_ your chances for success. You should try harder by trying _20_.1. A. sweetB. desperateC. mysteriousD. curious2. A. lastB. firstC. bestD. worst3. A. putB. runC. seeD. fly4. A. performanceB. strategyC. contributionD. dream5. A. workingB. improvingC. movingD. living6. A. pleasureB. returnC.
25、peaceD. escape7. A. prizeB. designC. trapD. success8. A. irresponsibleB. impossibleC. reasonableD. practical9. A. brightB. brokenC. openD. wide10. A. reachB. seeC. ownD. leave11. A. doneB. triedC. soughtD. wasted12. A. dangerousB. demandingC. differentD. powerful13. A. concernedB. worriedC. frustrat
26、edD. locked14. A. breakthroughB. explanationC. improvementD. guarantee15. A. interruptB. killC. encourageD. persuade16. A. completelyB. importantlyC. necessarilyD. appropriately17. A. experienceB. promiseC. positionD. challenge18. A. followB. shiftC. getD. risk19. A. missB. increaseC. abandonD. subs
27、titute20. A. simplerB. soonerC. smarterD. braver8培优点十六 完形填空之说明文一、真题在线(2016上海卷完型填空)【文章大意】本文是说明文，作者在第一段中提出道格拉斯麦克雷戈所提出的人性假设理论中的X理论和Y理论，并介绍了现代社会中一种新型管理理论：授权管理及其作用。1. 【答案】D【解析】考查上下文串联。根据后半句“.will do anything to avoid it”可知很多人为了避免工作而愿意做任何事情，说明那些人大多数人生性都是懒惰的，都不愿意工作，他们尽可能地逃避工作。故D项正确。2. 【答案】A【解析】考查上下文串联。短语to
28、 the contrary相反的；to the degree在某种程度上；to the extreme走向极端；在文章第一段中提到了X理论，大多数人都缺乏进取心和责任心，不愿对人和事负责，没有什么雄心壮志，不喜欢负责任，宁可被领导。而Y理论认为大多数人愿意对工作、对他人负责，人们愿意实行自我管理和自我控制来完成应当完成的目标。这是两种完全相反的理论，尽管对于这两种完全相反的理论有很多的证据，很多管理人仍然同意X理论。故A正确。3. 【答案】B【解析】考查上下文串联。本句中for example表示举例说明；这些管理人仍然同意X理论，例如他们认为如果要员工效率高，就需要给与他们不断的监督。这属于
29、X理论的举例说明。故B正确。4. 【答案】D【解析】考查上下文串联。根据后句“.makes for authoritarian managers.”可知这属于专制的管理方法，他们的决定是来自上而下的，没有任何商量的余地。故D项“above上面的”正确。5. 【答案】C【解析】考查上下文串联。根据前段可知本文讨论的管理学的理论，使用本句使用动词“manage管理”，不同的文化中有不同的管理人的方法。而且和下文中亚洲、西方的管理方法形成呼应。故C正确。6. 【答案】B【解析】考查动词短语辨析。短语refer to提到，谈到；contribute to做贡献；导致；object to反对；apply
30、 to适用于；亚洲人使用的是协商式的管理方法，所有人都被要求对管理的过程做出自己的贡献。故B正确。7. 【答案】A【解析】考查上下文串联。名词agreement同意；practice练习，做法；election选举；impression印象；亚洲人使用协商式的管理方法，这种方法是建立在共同的协议基础之上的，西方人也想学习这样的管理方法。故A正确。8. 【答案】D【解析】考查上下文串联。根据前半句“.women will become more effective managers than men.”可知有些专家认为女性比男性管理更高效。因为女性更有亲和力，比男性管理人更容易与别人达成一致的目
31、标。故D正确。9. 【答案】A【解析】考查上下文串联。根据前句“. encourage employees to use their own initiative.鼓励员工使用自己的首创精神”，也就是说在做出决定的时候不要请示上级经理，自己做出决定即可。故A项正确。10. 【答案】C【解析】考查上下文串联。根据前句“the trend towards downsizing缩小规模的趋势”，也就是要减少管理层的数量，可以直接做出决定而不需要请示上级。故动词“reduce减少”符合上下文串联。11. 【答案】B【解析】考查短语辨析辨析。动词be honored with被授予；be left wi
32、th留下，剩下；be crowded with挤满；be compared with与相比；通过这种方法，公司只剩下高层管理者和前线的与公众直接联系的一线管理人。省略了很多中央环节，提高了管理的效益。故B正确。12. 【答案】B【解析】考查副词辨析。副词economically经济地；traditionally传统地；inadequately不充分地；occasionally偶尔地；根据后句“Empowerment and delegation mean new forms of management.”可知授权管理是一个新型的管理方法，与传统的管理模式不一样。故B正确。13. 【答案】D【解
33、析】考查动词辨析。动词deny否认；admit承认；assume假定，设想；ensure保证，确保；授权管理是一种新型的管理方法，省略了中央管理环节，保证了整个商业计划被采用。根据句意可知D正确。14. 【答案】A【解析】考查上下文串联。形容词virtual虚拟的；ineffective低效的；day-to-day日常的；on-the-scene现场的；根据后句“where teams of people linked bye-mail and the Internet work on projects from their own houses”可知在这种新型的管理方法中，人们都是通过邮件和
34、网络联系，说明这种一种新型通过虚拟网络进行的理方法。故A正确。15. 【答案】C【解析】考查名词辨析。名词opinion观点；risk冒险；performance表现：attractiveness魅力；根据后半句中“in terms of what they produce for projects, rather than the amount of time they spend on then”可知我们评价员工的表现是根据他们的产品而不是工作的时间，故C项正确。二、对点专练Passage 1【文章大意】本文为说明文。2018年9月22日将是世界无车日，在这一天，世界各地的人们将被鼓励寻找
35、其他方法来满足他们的交通需求，重新发现公共汽车、自行车和他们自己的脚。文章介绍了世界无车日的来源及发展。1. 【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. effective有效的；B. efficient有效率的；C. useful有用的；D. alternative选择性的。句意：2018年9月22日将是世界无车日，在这一天，世界各地的人们将被鼓励寻找其他方法来满足他们的交通需求。故D选项正确。2. 【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A. legs腿；B. motors发动机；C. subway地铁；D. feet脚。句意：重新发现公共汽车、自行车和他们自己的脚。故D选项正确。3. 【答案】B【解
36、析】考查动词辨析。A. recall回忆；B. remind提醒；C. realize意识；D. recommend推荐。句意：在这一天，人们聚集在街道、十字路口和街区，提醒世界，我们不必接受汽车控制的社会。故B选项正确。4. 【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A. projects项目；B. events比赛；C. activities活动；D. meetings会议。根据下文it was only in October, 1994 _ a structured call for such projects可知，类似的项目时有发生。故A选项正确。5. 【答案】C【解析】考查介词辨析。A. as
37、作为；B. on在上；C. with随着；D. beyond超过。句意：尽管从1973年的石油危机开始，类似的项目时有发生。故C选项正确。6. 【答案】B【解析】考查连词辨析。A. when当的时候；B. that引导强调句，无词意；C. where在哪里；D. how如何。分析句子结构可知，此处为强调句型。故B选项正确。7. 【答案】D【解析】考查动词辨析。A. undertaken从事；B. submitted主张；C. developed发展；D. issued发布。句意：虽然从1973年的石油危机开始，这方面的项目时有发生，但直到1994年10月，埃里克布里顿才在托莱多(西班牙)举行的
38、国际无障碍城市会议上发表主题演讲，有组织地呼吁开展这类项目。故D选项正确。8. 【答案】B【解析】考查名词辨析。A. answer答案；B. call呼吁；C. wish愿望；D. longing渴望。句意：2000年，反汽车官员公开呼吁设立“世界无车日”。故B选项正确。9. 【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A. connect连接；B. involve涉及；C. consist和一致；D. concern担忧。句意：2000年，反汽车官员公开呼吁设立“世界无车日”，与9月22日的欧洲无车日保持一致。故C选项正确。10. 【答案】A【解析】考查介词辨析。A. Since从开始；B. Befor
39、e在之前；C. After在之后；D. Right正确地。句意：从那时起，我们已经开始呼吁市民故A选项正确。11. 【答案】A【解析】考查名词辨析。A. events活动；B. affairs事务；C. incidents事件；D. accidents事故。句意：我们已经开始呼吁市民在这一天或这一天附近组织活动。故A选项正确。12. 【答案】C【解析】考查副词辨析。A. even甚至；B. still仍然；C. just仅仅；D. ever曾经。句意：然而，我们不希望仅仅是一天的庆祝活动。故C选项正确。13. 【答案】B【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. usual通常的；B. previous先前
40、的；C. ordinary普通的；D. average平均的。句意：然后回到以前的生活。故B选项正确。14. 【答案】A【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. perfect完美的；B. limited有限的；C. accurate准确的；D. correct正确的。句意：世界无车日是提醒城市规划者和政治家自行车、步行和公共交通的最佳时机。故A选项正确。15. 【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A. give way to给让路；B. give priority to优先考虑；C. give rise to使发生；D. give in to向让步。句意：世界无车日是提醒城市规划者和政治家优先考虑自行车、步
41、行和公共交通的最佳时机。故B选项正确。16. 【答案】C【解析】考查动词辨析。A. employ雇用；B. decrease减少；C. create创造；D. increase增加。句意：我们、城市和政府应该帮助创造永久性的改变。故C选项正确。17. 【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A. assist帮助；B. benefit使受益；C. instruct指导；D. influence影响。句意：使行人、骑自行车的人和其他不开车的人受益。故B选项正确。18. 【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A. constant经常的；B. similar相似的；C. envying嫉妒的；D. consi
42、derable相当大的，重要的。句意：虽然在媒体报道方面已取得相当大的成就。故D选项正确。19. 【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A. turn out结果是；B. work out计算出；C. carry out开展；D. figure out理解。句意：事实证明，这些事件很难取得真正的成功，甚至十年后，这种方法的有效性也存在相当大的不确定性。故A选项正确。20. 【答案】D【解析】考查名词辨析。A. approach途径；B. attitude态度；C. chance机会；D. commitment承诺。句意：公众对变革的支持和承诺是成功实施的必要条件。故D选项正确。Passage 2【文
43、章大意】本文属于说明文阅读。这篇文章主要讲述了作者见到一只苍蝇为了逃脱不断地撞击玻璃直至死亡，然而事实上在房间的对面，几步路远的地方，门是开着的；由此引发了作者的思考，告诫我们不要一味地努力，要找对正确的方法。1. 【答案】B【解析】考查形容词。A. sweet甜蜜的；B. desperate绝望的；C. mysterious神秘的；D. curious好奇的。句意：刚刚过了七月下旬的中午，我听到了几英尺外生死搏斗的绝望声音。故选B。2. 【答案】A【解析】考查形容词。A. last最后的；B. first首先的；C. best最好的；D. worst最坏的。句意：有一只小苍蝇耗尽了它短暂生命
44、中最后的能量。故选A。3. 【答案】D【解析】考查动词。A. put放；B. run跑步；C. see看见；D. fly飞。根据上文可知苍蝇试图飞出玻璃窗。故选D。4. 【答案】B【解析】考查名词。A. performance表现；B. strategy战略；C. contribution贡献；D. dream梦想。句意：拍打的翅膀讲述了苍蝇策略的动人故事:更加努力。故选B。5. 【答案】A【解析】考查动词。A. working工作；起作用；B. improving促进；C. moving移动；D. living居住。根据上文可知苍蝇没有成功，因此努力也不起作用。故选A。6. 【答案】D【解析
45、】考查名词。A. pleasure快乐；B. return返回；C. peace和平；D. escape逃跑。句意：这种疯狂的努力没有任何逃跑的希望。故选D。7. 【答案】C【解析】考查名词。A. prize奖品；B. design设计；C. trap陷阱；D. success成功。句意：具有讽刺意味的是，斗争是陷阱的一部分。故选C。8. 【答案】B【解析】考查形容词。A. irresponsible不负责的；B. impossible不可能的；C. reasonable合理的；D. practical实际的。句意：苍蝇不可能足够努力去打破玻璃。故选B。9. 【答案】C【解析】考查形容词。A. bright明亮的；B. broken破碎的；C. open打开的；D. wide广泛的。十步之外门是打开的。故选C。10. 【答案】A【解析】考查动词。A. reach到达；B. see看见；C. own拥有；D. leave离开。苍蝇只需要飞行十秒钟就可以到达它所追寻的外面的世
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