2018年中考英语总复习（人教版） 题型专题探究课件：专题四　阅读理解 (共41张PPT)

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1、专题四 阅读理解,题型1,题型2,题型3,阅读理解题主要考查考生综合运用所学语言知识的能力,包括阅读能力、理解能力、归纳概括能力、逻辑推理能力以及对阅读材料的评估能力。试题中所选的阅读文章题材广泛,涉及政治、经济、社会文化、风俗习惯、历史、地理、科技等各个方面,并且体裁多样,包括记叙文、说明文、议论文及应用文等。 题型1 判断正误型阅读理解 判断正误型阅读理解的考查目标是考查学生判断识别文章所提供的信息的能力。命题方式通常是在短文后面给出5个句子,根据文章内容,判断所给句子的正误。有的句子提供的是正确的信息,有的句子提供的是错误的信息,这类题目都可直接或间接在文章中找到答案;但是有的句子的信息

2、在短文中并未直接或间接提及,要求考生具有综合判断文章所提供的隐含信息的能力,根据文章字里行间透出的有关信息,做出合乎逻辑、符合文意的判断。,题型1,题型2,题型3,判断正误型阅读理解的解题方法: 1.阅读原文,理解大意。 首先通读原文,捕捉文中所提供的信息,抓住文章大意,理清文章脉络。 2.审读题目,正确判断。 读懂短文内容后再审读题目,把握每个待判定句子的含义,通过寻读法在原文中找出与每个问题相关的关键词,然后寻找关键词在文章中所在的句子及段落,依据短文内容对试题所给出的句子进行正误判断。 3.重读原文,复核检查。 完成正误判断后必须将短文重读一遍,加深对短文的理解,在此基础上再对每一道题进

3、行复查,对有些似是而非的句子,一定要重新认真识别。,题型1,题型2,题型3,在解答判断正误型阅读理解时要注意以下几点: 1.阅读文章时要掌握文章主旨和作者意图,重点捕捉与题目有关的信息,不要过分推敲某个句子或某个语言点,否则会走入误区,干扰判断视线。 2.判断句子的正误时切忌看过一道判断题目后,马上就从文章中搜寻答案,这样反反复复不仅费时,而且由于缺乏对文章大意的全面了解,在判断时往往会有很大的盲目性和片面性。 3.在对每一道题进行判断时,一定要从文章的具体段落和句子中找到依据,做到有理有据;对于不能直接在原文中找到依据的题目,应根据自己掌握的综合知识以及文章中的某些暗示或相关线索,通过认真地

4、比较分析,准确理解作者的意图。,题型1,题型2,题型3,4.只有与文章意思完全相符的句子,才能判定为正确;那些基本意思相符,却仍有某些细节与原文不相符的应判定为错误。 5.有些正误判断题涉及常识性的知识或其他学科的知识,如:西方的文化背景知识、历史人物、地理知识等,因此考生应多了解英美国家的习俗和文化背景,掌握跨学科知识,以便提高判断的准确率。,题型1,题型2,题型3,【例1】根据短文内容,判断下列句子的正误,正确的用“T”,错误的用“F”。 A farmers dog,Dolly,had puppies(小狗),and the farmer needed to sell them.He pa

5、inted a sign and put it in his yard.As he was putting up the sign,a little boy walked up to him. “Sir,”he said,“I want to buy one of your dogs.” “Well,”said the farmer,“these dogs are very expensive.” “Can I just look?”asked the boy. “Sure,”said the farmer and whistled (吹口哨).“Here,Dolly!”he called.

6、Dolly ran out from the doghouse and four little dogs followed her.The boy became excited.Then,the little boy noticed another dog.This one was smaller.It moved slowly and tried to catch up with the others.,题型1,题型2,题型3,“I want that one,”the boy said,pointing to the little dog. The farmer said,“Son,you

7、 dont want that dog.He will never be able to run and play with you like these other dogs.” The little boy reached down and rolled up (卷起) one leg of his trousers.He showed a cast (石膏) on his leg and a specially made shoe.He said,“You see,sir,I dont run too well myself,and he will need someone who un

8、derstands.” The world is full of people who need someone who understands.,主旨大意:本文主要是通过一位腿有残疾、走路不便的孩子买狗时没看中健康、跑得快的狗,却偏偏看上体形小、走路又慢的小狗的故事,诠释了一个生活哲理生活中人们要彼此爱护、相互理解。,题型1,题型2,题型3,1.Dolly was a mother dog which had four baby dogs.,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,2.One of the dogs moved slowly probably because its legs w

9、ere weak.,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,3.The farmer advised the boy not to choose the smaller dog.,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,4.Nothing was wrong with the boys leg.,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,答案,解析,5.We learn from the story that one should show love and understanding for the weak.,题型1,题型2,题型3,题型2 选择型阅读理解 中考选择型阅读理解题主要考查学生的语篇阅读能力

10、、分析能力和判断能力。要求学生通过阅读能较快地理解短文大意,获取其中的主要信息,然后根据试题的要求从所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案。常见的有以下五种题型: 1.细节理解题 细节理解题属表层理解题范畴,难度较小,但是在整个阅读理解题中所占的比例最大。细节理解题主要从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。这类题目的答案一般都能在文章中直接找到,做题前,可先浏览一下题目,然后带着问题快速阅读,找出能解决问题的有关信息。但是一定要注意捕捉准确的信息,进行理解分析,去伪存真,否则会陷入题目设下的“陷阱”,受其迷惑而误选干扰项。,题型1,题型2,题型3,2.主旨归纳题 主旨归纳题所提问题主要涉及文章的中心

11、思想、主要内容、标题等。在做主旨归纳题时,我们一定要注意选项的内涵和外延必须能够恰如其分地概括文章的主题。因此我们要善于捕捉文章中出现频率较高的中心词汇和段落的主题句。在选择文章的最佳标题时,还要注意语言方面的特点:题目往往具有凝练、醒目的特点。 3.推理判断题 推理判断题着重考查学生的逻辑思维能力,难度较大,涉及面较广,如人物的心理、故事的结局、文章的寓意、作者的态度或倾向等。 推理判断题的答案往往在文章的字面上不会出现,必须依据已有信息来进行推理,不能脱离原文去主观臆断。因此,在做推理判断题时,必须从原文里找到推断的依据。,题型1,题型2,题型3,4.词义猜测题 词义猜测题旨在考查学生在特

12、定语境中理解词(词语、句子)的能力。其提问形式主要有: (1)The underlined sentence means in this passage. (2)What does the underlined word mean in News 2? 解答这类题目,必须认真阅读文章,通过上下文的联系,结合已有的知识猜测其在具体语境中的含义,下面介绍一些猜词的技巧: 通过因果关系猜词;通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词;通过构词法猜词;通过定义或释义关系来推测词义;通过句法功能来推测词义;通过描述猜词。,题型1,题型2,题型3,5.图表说明题 这是近几年各地比较受欢迎的一个题型,涉及的内容有调查报告

13、、广告、超市或服装店等服务性行业的促销活动,饭店、旅馆或学校以及公共场合的规章制度等等,内容非常广泛。一般地说,这类题目看起来有点复杂,但是都不会太难,仔细阅读,都可以在表格内找到解决问题的信息;个别的题目会涉及一些运算,应特别细心。 选择型阅读理解的解题方法: (1)初读全文 1)一般应先通读整篇短文,初步了解短文整体框架、大意及作者意向,并在抓住主要信息及各段中心内容的同时,标出重要内容或有疑问的地方。 2)也可以先快速浏览一下文章后面的题目,明确要求,以便快速阅读全文时留意或抓住重要材料及关键词语,做到心中有数,有的放矢。,题型1,题型2,题型3,(2)再读全文 目的是加深对文章整体的把

14、握以及对文章各段中心内容的理解,进一步思考并初步弄清或解决第一遍阅读时发现的疑问。 (3)细读试答 在认真研读题目(“题干”和“选项”)、明确答题要求的基础上,再细读短文有关部分以便决定答案。这一步至关重要,既要细心,又要在整体把握的层面上上下照应、前后联系。一般来说,试题的先后次序与短文所述内容的次序基本上是一致的,因而答题应按试题的次序逐个去做,但是也有一些题目的设置与文章的先后顺序是不一致的。答题原则应是先易后难,不会的题目放在最后。,题型1,题型2,题型3,(4)复读核查 试答完各题之后,再读一遍短文,逐一核对答案。在这一步上,应该充分利用和注意到各题目之间的相互关联或对应,要着力抓住

15、起决定作用的关键题目。关键题目正确与否会引起连锁反应,影响到读者对整篇文章的理解与把握。因此,切莫忽视这一点。,题型1,题型2,题型3,【例2】(2015福州中考),Have you noticed your life becoming a little easier?Now,when you go to a certain shopping mall,you can enjoy its free Wi-Fi there.When you want to take a taxi,you can book one with your phone.In fact,all these can be

16、seen as the basic parts of a smart city.,题型1,题型2,题型3,The idea of a smart city was brought up by the US company IBM in 2010.Generally,a smart city is a city that uses digital technologies such as the Internet to improve city planning,save money and resources,and make our life convenient.How smart can

17、 a city be?Here are great examples that we can learn from. In 2009,Dubuque became the first smart city in the US.The city used smart water meters to take the place of traditional water meters.They can detect (探测)water waste and leakage (泄漏)and send data to let the house owner know.The same system is

18、 used for other city resources like electricity and natural gas.This way,people know how they use their resources and are glad to help reduce waste.,题型1,题型2,题型3,Santander in Spain also gives us a look at the future.If people point a phone toward a nearby bus stop,the phone immediately shows all bus

19、lines that serve the stop as well as their arrival times.The government organized a research team and provided an App(应用程序) that collects data on almost everything:light,temperature,and the movements of cars and people.Opening the App near a supermarket provides immediate information on special offe

20、rs.,主旨大意:本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了智慧城市的应用举例。,题型1,题型2,题型3,1.According to the passage,which of the following is RIGHT? A.Digital technologies are used in smart cities. B.An English company first raised the idea of a smart city. C.A smart city is mainly made up of free Wi-Fi and phones. D.A smart city is still an

21、 idea and hasnt come into being.,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,2.The underlined word “convenient” is the closest in meaning to “ ”. A.useful B.normal C.suitable D.easy,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,3.Compared to traditional water meters,smart water meters do better in . A.cleaning water B.supplying water C.saving water D.p

22、roducing water,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,4.The example of Santander shows the use of smart systems in aspects (方面)EXCEPT . A.business B.health care C.traffic controlling D.public transportation,答案,解析,题型1,题型2,题型3,答案,解析,5.Whats the main idea of the passage? A.Digital technologies help improve city planning. B

23、.Smart cities will make our future life better and smarter. C.Smart cities are very common in both Dubuque and Santander. D.Spain and the US take the leading position in building smart cities.,题型1,题型2,题型3,题型3 任务型阅读理解 任务型阅读理解题型多样,设题自由开放,内容广泛。该题型不仅能考查学生的阅读能力,还能考查学生的语言组织能力、单词拼写能力、英汉互译能力以及其他语言知识,较好地呼应了新

24、课标所提倡的“任务型语言教学”模式。任务型阅读理解主要包括阅读短文回答问题型、短文还原型、阅读填表型等。,题型1,题型2,题型3,(一)阅读短文回答问题型 此类题型主要测试考生对英语文章的理解能力和用英语进行表述和归纳的能力,所选用的短文难度和长度与阅读理解文章相似。每篇短文后附有45个问题或不完整的句子,要求考生在阅读完短文后用句子、单词或短语,回答所提出的问题或补全不完整的句子。要想取得好的成绩,掌握必要的解题步骤和技巧是非常重要的。 (1)通读全文。做简答题的关键是要读懂原文。因此要先通读全文,弄清楚段落大意及文章的中心意思以及作者的基本观点、态度,正确理解语境。 (2)按题查读。即根据

25、问题去寻找答案。认真阅读问题,充分理解问题,准确理解所问的内容,确定需要在文章中查找的对象,避免答非所问。,题型1,题型2,题型3,(3)简练作答。在基本确定了每道题的回答内容之后,就要用简练、准确的英语表达出来。注意回答问题时要切中要点,不要画蛇添足。组织语言时,注意避免语法错误,如时态、主谓一致、句子结构和拼写等。如需引用原文,要作适当改动,最好不要整句照搬。 (4)认真核查。完成所填的答案以后,再将原短文和补全后的短文或句子放在一起,审读一遍,上下对比参照,逐一检查所填的词是否符合原文主旨和细节,是否答非所问,是否仍存在语法、词汇拼写等错误,另外还应注意是否对字数有要求,检查是否符合要求

26、。,题型1,题型2,题型3,【例3】 (2017重庆中考A卷) It was a summer afternoon in the countryside.Wan Bo,a university student,was painting while his classmate Tang Qi was making a wooden box by the river.A little boy riding on a rocking horse caught their eye by chance.It brought them back to their childhood,warm and ha

27、ppy. “Why not try to make one by ourselves?”said Wan Bo.“You are good at making things and I am interested in painting.” “Actions speak louder than words,”Tang Qi said.Then,the two young men began to collect some information about it.During those days,watching videos about carving(雕刻) and shaping wo

28、od into horse shapes on the Internet became an important part of their life.,题型1,题型2,题型3,Several months later,a wooden rocking horse appeared.They felt so excited that they put the picture of it on the Internet right away.To their surprise,it attracted lots of peoples attention and some even hoped t

29、o order one. The two young men thought it might be a good chance.They sent some forms to the customers to make a survey.According to the result,they made each customer a special rocking horse.These horses were quite different from those produced in other factories,and they soon became popular among

30、the customers. In the first year of their new hobby,Wan and Tang made thirteen rocking horses.Sometimes,they also repaired rocking horses for people.They made the old ones look new again.Wan and Tang helped those people bring back many happy memories. Their hobby has now become a successful and busy

31、 business.,题型1,题型2,题型3,1.Was Wan Bo interested in painting? 2.How many rocking horses did they make in the first year of their new hobby? 3.What did the forms help Wan and Tang to know about? 4.Do you think it is a good idea to start a business with a hobby like the two young university students?Why

32、 or why not?,答案:Yes,he was.,答案:They made thirteen rocking horses.,答案:The forms helped them to know what rocking horses different customers wanted/needed.,答案:Yes.Because I can make money and develop my hobby at the same time. No.Because my hobby is playing chess,and I dont think I can make money with

33、 it.,题型1,题型2,题型3,(二)短文还原型 短文还原型阅读理解的考查方法是从短文中摘出几个句子,然后再要求学生把这几个句子还原到原处,目的是考查学生对整篇文章的理解能力和组织分析运用语言的能力。做短文还原型阅读理解这类题可尝试以下方法: (1)在做题前要将文章快速地通读一遍,了解文章的大意。这样可以避免在选择时前后冲突的现象。 (2)前后联系,精读试填。 在阅读文章基本意思的基础上,联系上下文的内容,从上下文所给出的句子的意思以及所给的选项的意思中寻求解题提示。这是解题的重要步骤,要细心分析,严密论证。,题型1,题型2,题型3,(3)复读全文,确定答案。 答案确定后,将全文再读一遍,要

34、看一看所选的句子填入短文后是否使短文前后连贯,语法结构是否正确,是否符合英语习惯。对在阅读中发现的问题要进行局部调整,在更换答案时既要遵循语法规则,又要兼顾全篇。 (4)纵观全文,确定标题。 文章第一句往往是主题句或中心句,所以要加以重视。另外在阅读时应抓住文章的关键句,比如文章的第一句或段落的第一句等,它们往往是全文或全段的主题。 总之,做短文还原型阅读理解要通观全局,把握好局部,让还原后的句子既通顺又正确。,题型1,题型2,题型3,【例4】 (2017四川南充中考)In Britain,Boxing Day is usually celebrated on December 26th. 1

35、 This means its not a working day in the whole of Britain.When Boxing Day falls on a Saturday or Sunday,the following Monday is the public holiday. 2 One of the thoughts is that during the Middle Ages,when great sailing ships were setting off to discover new land,a Christmas Box was placed by a prie

36、st(神父) on each ship.Those sailors who wanted a safe return would drop money into the box. 3,答案,题型1,题型2,题型3,One more thought is about the “Alms Box” placed in every church on Christmas Day.Worshippers(做礼拜的人) put gifts for the poor into it.These boxes were always opened the day after Christmas. 4 Toda

37、y,many businesses,organizations and families try to keep the traditional spirit of Boxing Day alive by giving away money to Food Banks,providing gifts for the poor,or helping families in need. 5,A.That is why that day became known as Boxing Day. B.It was sealed up(密封) and kept on board until the shi

38、p came home safely. C.Like Christmas Day,Boxing Day is a public holiday. D.Besides,spending time with family and shopping are necessary activities on Boxing Day now. E.The exact origin(起源) of the holiday is unclear.,答案,题型1,题型2,题型3,(三)阅读填表型 这类试题是在阅读完文章后,要求读者根据阅读所获得的信息完成表格,以达到相同内容不同表达的目的。 做此类阅读题时要注意以下

39、几点: (1)所填的词以实词为主,有些要填的词可以直接从原文中找到。 (2)所填的词必须首先符合语义适用原则,所以不能看一空就填一空,那样可能所填的词符合本句话的意思,但不符合全文的内容。因此要纵观全文,围绕中心意思,全盘综合考虑来确定词义。,题型1,题型2,题型3,(3)所填的词要符合语法规则,必须从词句搭配、句型结构以及人称、时态、语态上来判定所填词的正确形式。 (4)寻读有关的段落或词句时应仔细对照留有空格的句子,精确理解并找出充足的依据来确定该空格应填的词义。 (5)要把握原短文的中心意思,必须注重对短文首段和末段的阅读和理解,学会在段落中找准主题句,这样才有助于挖掘全文的中心意思。,

40、题型1,题型2,题型3,【例5】 Katie Spotz is a 22-year-old girl from America.She wants to cross the Atlantic Ocean by boat.If she succeeds,shell be the youngest and the first American to finish the 2,500-mile trip. Spotz began sailing when she was at university,but she has never tried to sail such a long way bef

41、ore.It will be a great challenge for her.In recent years,she has swum all the way down the 325-mile Allegheny River and traveled by bike from Seattle to Washington.Spotz knows that she may see some dangerous things during the trip.It will be very dangerous if she meets very bad weather in the middle

42、 of the sea.But she believes that she can deal with all the difficulties.,题型1,题型2,题型3,“I never thought I could run 26 miles,”she said.“But once I finished it,I realized that maybe I could do something even more difficult.” Spotz wants to collect money by going on this trip.She wants to collect money for an organization called “Blue Planet Run”.The organization offers free,safe drinking water to people who need it. Itll take her about three months to finish this trip.Good luck to this brave girl and best wishes to her!,题型1,题型2,题型3,答案,