高三英语阅读理解 第4节 主旨大意题 2 文章或段落大意题

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1、二二、文章或段落大意题文章或段落大意题 (2019 全国，D) During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes， which allowed me to keep my high social status.I was the queen of the playground.Then came my tweens and teens，and mean girls and cool kids.They rose in the ranks not by being friendl

2、y but by smoking cigarettes， breaking rules and playing jokes on others， among whom I soon found myself. Popularity is a well- explored subject in social psychology.Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.The likable

3、s plays- well- with- others qualities strengthen schoolyard friendships ， jump- start interpersonal skills and， when tapped early， are employed ever after in life and work.Then theres the kind of popularity that appears in adolescence：status born of power and even dishonorable behavior. Enviable as

4、the cool kids may have seemed，Dr.Prinsteins studies show unpleasant consequences.Those who were highest in status in high school，as well as those least liked in elementary school，are “most likely to engage(从事) in dangerous and risky behavior” In one study， Dr.Prinstein examined the two types of popu

5、larity in 235 adolescents， scoring the least liked，the most liked and the highest in status based on student surveys(调查研究)“We found that the least well- liked teens had become more aggressive over time toward their classmates.But so had those who were high in status.It clearly showed that while lika

6、bility can lead to healthy adjustment，high status has just the opposite effect on us.” Dr.Prinstein has also found that the qualities that made the neighbors want you on a play datesharing， kindness， opennesscarry over to later years and make you better able to relate and connect with others. In ana

7、lyzing his and other research，Dr.Prinstein came to another conclusion：Not only is likability related to positive life outcomes，but it is also responsible for those outcomes， too.“Being liked creates opportunities for learning and for new kinds of life experiences that help somebody gain an advantage

8、，” he said. 语篇解读 本文主要探讨了青少年小学与中学阶段的受欢迎类型及其影响。 32What sort of girl was the author in her early years of elementary school? AUnkind. BLonely. CGenerous. DCool. 答案 C 解析 推理判断题。根据第一段第一句“During the rosy years of elementary school(小学)，I enjoyed sharing my dolls and jokes，which allowed me to keep my high so

9、cial status.”可知，作 者在小学时乐于分享。故选 C。 33What is the second paragraph mainly about? AThe classification of the popular. BThe characteristics of adolescents. CThe importance of interpersonal skills. DThe causes of dishonorable behavior. 答案 A 解析 段落大意题。 根据第二段第二句“Mitch Prinstein， a professor of clinical psyc

10、hology sorts the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.”可知，受欢迎的人被分为两 类：受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四句分别描述了两类受欢迎的人的特征，故 A 项最能概括本段的主要内容。 34What did Dr.Prinsteins study find about the most liked kids? AThey appeared to be aggressive. BThey tended to be more adaptable. CThey enjoyed the

11、highest status. DThey performed well academically. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。根据第四段最后一句“It clearly showed that while likability can lead to healthy adjustment， high status has just the opposite effect on us.”可知， 受人喜爱的人能够进行 健康的调整，适应能力更强，故选 B。 35What is the best title for the text? ABe NiceYou Wont Finish Last BTh

12、e Higher the Status，the Better CBe the BestYou Can Make It DMore Self- control，Less Aggressiveness 答案 A 解析 标题归纳题。根据全文内容尤其是最后一段第一句可知，受人喜爱与积极的人生结果 有关，是这些结果的成因。因此，对人友好，你的人生就不会太差。故选 A。 一、题型解读 说明文、记叙文、议论文三种文体涉及的多种话题如社会文化类、人物故事类、科普说明类， 都会考查文章大意类题。设问形式常有： (1)What is the main theme/topic/idea of this/the pa

13、ssage/text? (2)What does the text/passage mainly focus on? (3)The passage/text is mainly about . (4)The general/main idea of the passage is . (5)The passage mainly focuses on . 二、解题技巧“主题句定位”寻主旨 文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整 体中心思想服务的。 理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。 找出每段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句

14、或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章 的中心思想。有的文章无明显的主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。 观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。 主题句的位置一般有以下几种： (1)主题句出现在文首。 开门见山， 提出主题， 用细节来解释或拓展主题句所表达的主题思想， 是最常见的演绎法写作方式。新闻报道、说明文或议论文通常采用这种写法。 (2)主题句出现在文末。在表述细节后，归纳要点以概括主题，是最常见的归纳法写作方式。 (3)主题句首尾呼应。为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结束时再次点出主题。 (4)主题句出现在中间。写作方式为：细节描述归纳主题进一步解释。 以下是

15、找主题句的四个小窍门： (1)段落中出现表示转折的词汇(如 however，but，in fact，actually 等)时，该句很可能是主题句。 (2)首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。 (3)作者有意识地重复的观点， 通常是主旨； 反复出现的词语， 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。 (4)表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion 等词。 例如： 【真题感悟】中第 33 题。根据第二段第二句“Mitch Prinstein，a professor of clinical psychology sorts

16、the popular into two categories：the likable and the status seekers.”可知，受欢 迎的人被分为两类：受人喜爱的人和追求地位的人，接着第三、四句分别描述了两类受欢迎 的人的特征，故 A 项最能概括本段的主要内容。 A (2019 河北衡水中学押题卷二) As the parent of a 7- year- old boy，sometimes I feel like “no” is my most 4frequently said word.But if I look honestly at the big 6picture of

17、 my daily vocabulary，I probably would conclude that it actually contains too much “yes”Saying yes means opening myself up to new experiences，inviting new or deeper relationships.But too much “yes” leaves any of us feeling anxious，overcommitted(过分受约束的)and powerless to set and 1maintain boundaries in

18、our lives. This had been on my mind when The Book of No：365 Ways to Say It and Mean Itand Stop People- Pleasing Forever came across my desk.The new edition of this decade- old book by psychologist Susan Newman is a must- read book for those of us who struggle to say “no” with authenticity，confidence

19、 and kindness. Newman calls people who feel forced to say yes all their way through life “people- pleasers”The chief symptoms of this condition include associating helping others with your self- respect，holding expectations that you will care for others and feeling unwilling to state your own needs

20、when a request comes your way.For people- pleasers，“yes is the path of least resistance and the way to avoid damaging your relationship with the asker，” Newman writes. 8The book offers brief dialogues for hundreds of scenarios in which “no” is the right answer，for reasons ranging from time managemen

21、t to financial pressures to emotional boundaries.Newman considers what came about among friends，at work，within families and in parenting.Reading through the scenarios，I realized they have some things in commonthings that immediately started helping me improve my “no” skills. Do you think this book m

22、ight be helpful to you？Its OK if the answer is “no”，but I do highly recommend it for your Positive Reading List shelf. 语篇解读 在日常生活中，说“是”意味着让自己接受新的体验，迎接新的或更深层次的关 系。但是，太多的“是”会让我们感到焦虑、过分受约束、无力在生活中设定和维持界限。 本文建议我们学会用积极的方式说“不”。 1Why does the author include his own personal experience in Paragraph 1? ATo bl

23、ame himself. BTo show how to guide kids. CTo tell his likes and dislikes. DTo help recommend a book. 答案 D 解析 推理判断题。根据第一段最后一句“But too much yes leaves any of us feeling anxious，overcommitted(过分受约束的)and powerless to set and maintain boundaries in our lives.”和第二段内容可知，作者在第一段中包含了他自己的个人经历是为了推荐一本书。故 选 D。 2W

24、hat is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3? AHow to deal with a request. BWhy askers turn to others for a favor. CWhy people- pleasers say “yes” too often. DHow to strengthen relationships with askers. 答案 C 解析 段落大意题。根据第三段中的“Newman calls people who feel forced to say yes all their way through life peo

25、ple- pleasers”和“For people- pleasers，yes is the path of least resistance and the way to avoid damaging your relationship with the asker， Newman writes.”可 知，第三段主要谈论的是“为什么取悦别人的人总是说是”。故选 C。 3What does the underlined word “scenarios” in Para.4 probably mean? AOccasions. BProcesses. CAdventures. DStories

26、. 答案 A 解析 词义猜测题。根据倒数第二段中的“Newman considers what came about among friends， at work，within families and in parenting.(Newman 考虑了朋友、工作、家庭和养育子女之间的 关系。)Reading through the scenarios，I realized they have some things in commonthings that immediately started helping me improve my no skills.”(通过阅读这些场景，我意识到他们

27、 有一些共同的事情，这些事情立即开始帮助我提高我的“不”技能。)可知画线词的意思是 “场合，场景”。故选 A。 4What does the author advise us to do? AGive no response to any demand. BLearn to say “no” in a positive way. CKeep open all channels of communication. DSay “yes” constantly without feeling guilty. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。根据最后一段“Do you think this book mi

28、ght be helpful to you? Its OK if the answer is no，but I do highly recommend it for your Positive Reading List shelf.”可知， 作者建议我们学会用积极的方式说“不”。故选 B。 B (2019 山西大学附中模拟) Blue Planet s latest episode focuses on how plastic is having a disastrous effect on the ocean and slowly poisoning our sea creatures.Re

29、searchers recently also found that sea creatures living in the deepest place on Earth，the Mariana Trench，have plastic in their stomachs.Indeed， the oceans are drowning in plastic. Though it seems now that the world couldnt possibly function without plastics，consumer plastics are a remarkably recent

30、invention.The first plastic bags were introduced in the 1950s；the same decade that plastic packaging began gaining in popularity in the United States.This growth has happened so fast that science is still catching up with the change.Plastics pollution research， for instance，is still a very early sci

31、ence. We put all these plastics into the environment and we still dont really know what the 5outcomes are going to be.What we do know，though，is 2disturbing.Ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine animals every year.Nearly 700 species，including endangered ones，are known to have been aff

32、ected by it.One in three leatherback turtles， which often mistake plastic bags for jellyfish，have been found with plastic in their bellies.Ninety percent of seabirds are now eating plastics on a regular basis.By 2050，that 7figure is expected to rise to 100 percent. And its not just wildlife that is

33、threatened by the plastics in our seas.Humans are consuming plastics through the seafood we eat.I could understand why some people see ocean plastic as a disaster，worth mentioning to the same degree as climate change.But ocean plastic is not as complicated as climate change.There are no ocean trash

34、deniers(否认者)，at least so far.To do something about it，we dont have to remake our planet energy system. This is not a problem where we dont know what the solution is.We know how to pick up garbage.Anyone can do it.We know how to dispose(处理) of it.We know how to recycle.We can all start by thinking tw

35、ice before we use single- use plastic products.9Things that may seem ordinary， like using a reusable bottle or a reusable bagwhen taken 3collectively，these choices really do make a difference. 语篇解读 这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲了蓝色星球的最新一集关注的是塑料如何对 海洋产生灾难性影响，如何慢慢毒害我们的海洋生物。研究人员最近还发现，生活在地球上 最深处马里亚纳海沟的海洋生物的胃里有塑料。的确，海洋被塑

36、料淹没了。 5Why is plastics pollution research still a very early science? AThe plastics pollution research is too difficult. BPlastics have produced less pollution than coal. CThe world couldnt possibly function without plastics. DPlastics have gained in popularity too fast for science to catch up. 答案 D

37、 解析 细节理解题。根据第二段内容可知，虽然现在看来，没有塑料世界是不可能运转的， 但消费塑料却是最近才发明的。第一个塑料袋是在 20 世纪 50 年代问世的，就在塑料包装在 美国开始流行的那十年里， 塑料包装的数量增长得如此之快， 以至于科学仍在跟上这一变化。 例如，塑料污染研究仍然是一门非常早期的科学。由此可知，塑料普及得太快了，科学跟不 上。故选 D。 6How did the author support his opinion in Paragraph 3? ABy statistics. BBy quotations from leading experts. CBy using

38、examples from his own experience. DBy comparison and contrast. 答案 A 解析 推理判断题。根据第三段介绍：我们把所有这些塑料投入到环境中，但我们仍然不知 道会产生什么结果。然而，我们所知道的是令人不安的。据估计，海洋塑料每年会杀死数百 万的海洋动物。据了解，包括濒危生物在内的近 700 种物种已被证实受到影响。有三分之一 的棱皮龟胃里都有塑料制品，它们经常把塑料袋误认为水母。目前，90%的海鸟经常吃塑料 制品。到 2050 年，这一数字有望上升到 100%。由此可知，作者是通过统计的方法来支持自 己的观点的。故选 A。 7What

39、 can we infer about climate change? AClimate change is caused by human activities. BSome people hold some doubts about climate change. CClimate change is less important than ocean pollution. DOcean plastic is more complicated than climate change. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。 根据第四段中的“I could understand why some pe

40、ople see ocean plastic as a disaster, worth mentioning to the same degree as climate change. But ocean plastic is not as complicated as climate change. There are no ocean trash deniers(否认者), at least so far.(我可以理 解为什么有些人把海洋塑料视为灾难，这和气候变化一样值得提及。海洋塑料不像气候变化 那么复杂。没有海洋垃圾否认者，至少到目前为止是这样)”可推知，有些人对气候变化持怀 疑态度。

41、故选 B。 8What is the main idea of this passage? AOcean plastic is a global issue. BThe oceans become choked with plastic. CBlue Planet has left viewers heartbroken. DPlastics gain in popularity all over the world. 答案 B 解析 主旨大意题。文章介绍了塑料如何对海洋产生灾难性影响，如何慢慢毒害我们的海洋 生物。研究人员最近还发现，生活在地球上最深处马里亚纳海沟的海洋生物的胃里有塑 料。的

42、确，海洋被塑料淹没了，由此可知，文章大意讲塑料充斥着海洋。故选 B。 .障碍词汇突破 (一)阅读下列句子，并根据句意猜测画线部分的意思 1Part of my job is to maintain a good relationship with our suppliers.维持 2Ive looked up a lot of information about smoking and Ive found out some disturbing facts， including some death cases.令人困扰的 3To achieve our goals，we should tea

43、m up with each other and work collectively.共同地，集体地 (二)同义词语替换 4The research showed that students who frequently text during class are less likely to achieve their academic goals.often 5I took part in an English competition a few weeks ago but unexpectedly，the outcome was depressing.result/consequence

44、 (三)一词多义 6picture n图片；照片 v想象，设想；描绘 (1)I cant picture him skiing.He is so clumsy in his suits.v.想象 (2)Speech is the picture of the mind.n.图片 7figure n数字；体形，身材；人物；雕像，塑像；图形；人影 v计算；认为，估计 (1)According to the latest figures，it is safe to conclude that the economy is gradually recovering from the decline.n

45、.数字 (2)I have figured out how much during the week I spent.v.计算 (3)I figure that wearing a suit makes you look like a bank clerk.v.认为 (4)Lisa was very frightened as she saw a figure in the darkness.n.人影 (5)It is widely accepted that a slim figure is what most women are longing for.n.体形，身材 .长难句理解 8Th

46、e book offers brief dialogues for hundreds of scenarios in which “no” is the right answer， for reasons ranging from time management to financial pressures to emotional boundaries. 句式分析 本句为主从复合句。主句是 The book offers brief dialogues for hundreds of scenarios；in which 引导的是定语从句，修饰先行词 scenarios，in which 相

47、当于“where”。 ranging from.为 v.- ing 短语作定语，修饰名词 reasons。 精美译文 这本书提供了数百个场景的简短对话，在这些场景中，“不”是正确的答案， 说“不”的原因包括时间管理、经济压力和情感边界。 9Things that may seem ordinary，like using a reusable bottle or a reusable bagwhen taken collectively，these choices really do make a difference. 句式分析 本句为并列句，由破折号连接。 破折号之前的主干为 Things

48、that may seem ordinary， like 表示“例如”。 破折号后面的主句为 these choices really do make a difference, 其 中 make a difference 表示“有重大意义，有重大影响”； when taken collectively 实际上是状 语从句的省略，构成“连词过去分词”的结构。 精美译文 看似普通的事情， 比如使用可重复使用的瓶子或可重复使用的袋子当大家 都选择这样做时， 那么就会对我们的环境有重大意义。 强化练强化练(二十二十) .阅读理解 A (2019 河南安阳二模) Wolves strike fear

49、into the hearts of many species，humans included.Our fear of them has brought them to the edge of dying out，as we have cruelly killed them as competitors and trouble- makers.But researchers are discovering that the very fear they put into prey(被捕食 者)species is exactly what helps make ecosystems(生态)healthy. Yellowstone National Park is a typical example of just how wolves can help repair an ecosystem.An October 2018 study