高三英语语法填空与短文改错 第二部分 语法精析 第一节 谓语动词(动词的时态和语态、主谓一致)
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1、第二部分第二部分 语法精析语法精析 第一节第一节 谓语动词谓语动词(动词的时态和语态、主谓一致动词的时态和语态、主谓一致) 考向分析 热考点 语法填空重点考查一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时的时态、语态 和主谓一致。 短文改错集中在上下文时态不一致,语态错误,主谓一致错误,及 v.- ing 和 v.- ed 的误用;偶尔考查情态动词(动词原形)的基本用法。 新考向 2019 高考全国、的语法填空共 6 处考查上下文判断时态,其中 有 2 处是现在完成时。 题型一题型一 关于谓语动词的语法填空关于谓语动词的语法填空 Tip 1 辨明时态标志词 1. In recent years some
2、Inuit people in Nunavut (report) increases in bear sightings around human settlements.(2019 全国) 答案 have reported 解析 考查时态和主谓一致。根据时间状语 in recent years 可知,主句用现在完成时态,主语 为 some Inuit people,故填 have reported。 2Irene said,“I dont see any reason to give up work.I love coming here and seeing my family and al
3、l the friends I (make) over the years .”(2019 全国) 答案 have made 解析 考查动词的时态。根据定语从句中的时间状语 over the years 可知,此处用现在完成时 态。故填 have made。 3. Since 2011 ,the country (grow) more corn than rice.(2018 全国) 答案 has grown 解析 考查时态和主谓一致。 由时间状语 since 2011 可知, 句子用现在完成时, 主语 the country 是第三人称单数,故谓语动词用 has grown。 4The Ch
4、inese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005 when the government (start) a soil- testing program which gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011 ,fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018 全国) 答案 started 解析 考查时态。本句是 when 引导的定语从句,由于时间是 2005 年,故用一般过去时。故 填 started。 5Ch
5、inas high- speed railways (grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years .(2018 北京) 答案 have grown 解析 时间状语 in the past few years 与现在完成时连用,由此可知应该用 have grown。 6 (do) you call that company to see how they think of our product yesterday ? (2017 北京) 答案 Did 解析 考查动词的时态。句意为:昨天你给那家公司打电话询问他们对我们的
6、产品印象如何 了吗?由 yesterday(昨天)可知,用一般过去时。位于句首,首字母应大写。故填 Did。 高考语法填空中,考生可以根据时间标志词或时间状语轻松作答。 1一般现在时:sometimes,every week/day/year/morning,often,always,usually,seldom, now and then。 2一般过去时:once upon a time,yesterday,last week/month/year,just now,the other day, 时间段ago,时间段later, in过去的年份。 3 现在完成时: lately, recen
7、tly, so/by far, by now, up to now, until now, in/during/over the past/last few时间段等。in/over recent时间段,since过去的时间点,ever since 等。 4现在进行时:Look!Listen!now, at present,at this moment/time/minute,currently。 5过去进行时:at that moment/time/minute,then。 6一般将来时:tomorrow,next week/month/year,in (the coming) 时间段,upc
8、oming, in the future。 7过去完成时:by过去的时间,by then,by the end of过去的时间点,until then, before 过去的时间点。 8将来进行时:at this time/moment tomorrow 等。 Tip 2 语境定时态 1 Picking up her “Lifetime Achievement” award, proud Irene (declare) she had no plans to retire from her 36- year- old business.Irene said .(2019 全国) 答案 decl
9、ared 解析 考查动词的时态。该句主语为 Irene,此处为谓语成分,根据后文 had 以及 said 可知, 用一般过去时态,故填 declared。 2Our hosts shared many of their experiences and (recommend) wonderful places to eat,shop,and visit.(2019 全国) 答案 recommended 解析 考查时态。 and 连接的前后两个动作 shared 与 recommended 是并列关系, 时态要一致。 故填 recommended。 3. When every pupil in t
10、he school wears the uniform, nobody (have) to worry about fashion(时尚)(2019 浙江) 答案 has/will have 解析 考查动词的时态和主谓一致。句意为:当每个在校学生都穿校服时,没有人会担心时 尚问题。此处用一般现在时描述一般情况;分析句子结构可知,主语是 nobody,所以谓语动 词用 has。或理解为 when 引导的时间状语从句谓语动词用一般现在时表将来,主句用一般将 来时,故还可填 will have。 4One study in America found that students grades (im
11、prove) a little after the school introduced uniforms.(2019 浙江) 答案 improved 解析 考查时态。分析句子结构可知,此处 that 引导宾语从句,而从句中缺少谓语动词,同 时根据主句谓语动词 found 和时间状语从句中的 introduced 可知,此处也应用一般过去时, 故填 improved。 5. On the first day of my first grade ,I stood by the door with butterflies in my stomach. I (voice) my biggest con
12、cern to my mother.(2019 北京) 答案 voiced 解析 考查时态。句意为:我向妈妈表达了我最大的担忧:“我该怎样交朋友呢?”此处的 voice 意为“表达”,是动词,作谓语,根据上文可知,这里叙述的是过去的事情,用一般过 去时。故填 voiced。 6. A few months after he had arrived in China ,Mr Smith (fall) in love with the people and culture there.(2019 江苏) 答案 fell 解析 考查时态。句意为:史密斯先生到中国几个月后,就爱上了那里的人民和文化。这
13、里 描述的是过去发生的事情,应用一般过去时。 7I (hope) to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage,but I couldnt manage it.(2019 天津) 答案 had hoped 解析 考查时态。句意为:我本来想给彼得送个礼物来祝贺他结婚,但我没能做到。从“but I couldnt manage it”可知,是本希望做但却没做成,用 had hoped 表示“原本想做”。 故填 had hoped。 8When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I w
14、as just glad to find them alive.True to a gorillas unaggressive nature,the huge animal (mean) me no real harm.(2018 全国) 答案 meant 解析 考查动词的时态。由语境可知,此处事情发生在过去,要用一般过去时态。 9Later,engineers (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels(隧道), which became known as the Tube.(2017 全国) 答案 managed 解
15、析 考查时态。 根据 which 引导的定语从句中的 became 可知, 设空处也应该是一般过去时, 故填 managed。 10Sarah says ,“My dad thinks I should take the offer now.But at the moment,school (come) first.”(2017 全国) 答案 comes 解析 考查动词的时态。全文均为现在时,且 school 是第三人称单数,故填 comes。 1瞻前顾后找平行:并列连词连接的平行结构,连接对等的词或对等的结构,可以作为时态 判断的依据。常见如下:and,but,or,both.and.,ei
16、ther.or.,neither.nor.,not only.but (also)等。尤其关注一个主语,两个或两个以上的并列谓语,谓语动词的时态要保持一致。 2语境提示定时态:如果没有时间标志词或者具体的时间状语,就要联系上下文、前后句中 的时态,看看动作是否同时发生或者先后发生,确定填空处的时态。 3主句从句相对应:宾语从句中,主句如果用一般过去时,从句也应该用过去的时态;但陈 述客观事实或真理时,从句用一般现在时。时间、条件状语从句中,主将从现,即主句一般 将来,从句用一般现在时表将来。 Tip 3 牢记固定的句式 1 In any unsafe situation, simply (pr
17、ess) the button and a highly- trained agent will get you the help you need.(2018 北京) 答案 press 解析 根据空后的 and 可知应该填 press。这是一个固定句式,其构成是“祈使句and陈 述句”。句意为:在任何不安全的情况下,只要按一下按钮,训练有素的工作人员就会给予 你所需要的帮助。 2Susan had quit her well- paid job and (work) as a volunteer in the neighborhood when I visited her last year
18、 .(2018 北京) 答案 was working 解析 when 引导的时间状语从句用的是一般过去时, 表明主句也是过去的某种时态。 此处表 示去年“我”去看她时她正在进行的动作,因此用过去进行时。句意为:去年我去看望苏珊 的时候,她已经辞去了高薪工作,正在社区做志愿工作。 3I (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road. (2017 天津) 答案 was driving 解析 考查时态。句意为:我正开车(was driving)去伦敦,这时突然发现我走错路了。be doing.whe
19、n.是固定句式,表示“正在做这时突然”。 背熟固定句式,触发做题敏感点。 1 It/This/That is the first/second/.time that sb./sth.have/has done sth.某人/某物第几次做某事。 2It/This/That was the first/second/.time that sb./sth.had done sth.某人/某物第几次做某事。 3hardly/scarcely/rarely.had done.when sb./sth.did.和 no sooner had done.than sb./sth.did 表示“一就”。 4I
20、t is (high) time that sb./sth.did/should do. 到了某人/某物该做的时候了。 5.was/were doing.when sb./sth.did 某人/某物正在做这时突然 6祈使句and陈述句,陈述句为一般将来时。 1On the last day of our week- long stay, we (invite) to attend a private concert on a beautiful farm on the North Shore under the stars.(2019 全国) 答案 were invited 解析 考查一般过去
21、时的被动语态。由 On the last day of our week- long stay 可知,句子时态 为一般过去时。 we 和 invite 之间是被动关系, 故用一般过去时的被动语态。 故填 were invited。 2They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals (install)by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.(2019 江苏) 答案 will have been installed 解析 考查时态和语态。句意为:他们正努力确保在 2022 年北京冬奥会之前安装 5G 终端。 表示
22、在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作,用将来完成时。“5G 终端”和“安 装”之间是被动关系,用被动语态,故填 will have been installed。 3 A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who (trap) in the mountains for two days. (2018 北京) 答案 had been trapped 解析 根据 risked 可知,主句用了一般过去时,表示冒险救人的动作发生在过去,被困在山 里这一动作发生在这之前,属于过去的过去,即用过去完成时;主语 two tourists
23、 和 trap 之间 是被动关系,故用过去完成时的被动语态。句意为:一位救援人员冒着生命危险救了两名被 困在山里两天的游客。故填 had been trapped。 4. My washing machine (repair) this week,so I have to wash my clothes by hand. (2018 天津) 答案 is being repaired 解析 句意为: 我的洗衣机本周正在被修理, 因此我只好用手洗我的衣服。 my washing machine 与 repair 之间是被动关系,需用被动语态;再根据后面的“我只好用手洗衣服”可知,洗衣 机正在被修理
24、,需用现在进行时的被动语态。 5I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan (carry) out in the past two years .(2018 江苏) 答案 had been carried 解析 句意为:上个月我被派到那个村子,去看了看在过去的两年里这个发展计划实施得怎 么样了。根据 in the past two years 可知应用完成时, carry out 发生在 was sent 之前,应用过 去完成时的被动语态,故填 had been carried。 6I still r
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