高三英语语法填空与短文改错 第二部分 语法精析 第六节 并列句和三大从句
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1、第六节第六节 并列句和三大从句并列句和三大从句 考向分析 热考点 语法填空考查的重点是定语从句和名词性从句;低频考点是并列句和 状语从句。 短文改错重点考查并列连词 and,but,or 和定语从句的引导词。名词 性从句及状语从句较少涉及。 新考向 2019 全国考查了同位语从句和并列连词; 2019 全国及全国考查 了定语从句和并列连词。 题型一题型一 关于并列句和三大从句的语法填空关于并列句和三大从句的语法填空 1I work not because I have to, because I want to.(2019 全国) 答案 but 解析 考查并列连词。句意为:我工作不是因为我不得
2、不做,而是因为我想做。此处用 but 与前面 not 构成 not.but.“不是而是”结构,故填 but。 2In much of Asia,especially the so- called “rice bowl” cultures of China,Japan,Korea, Vietnam,food is usually eaten with chopsticks.(2016 全国) 答案 and 解析 考查并列连词。China,Japan,Korea 与 Vietnam 是并列关系。 3But the river wasnt changed in a few days even a f
3、ew months.(2014 新课标全国) 答案 or 解析 考查并列连词。句意为:但是河流不是几天或者几个月就可以改变的。根据句意可知, 设空处应该表示递进含义。or even 表示“甚至,乃至”,故填 or。 1判断依据 没有提示词,前后均为平行成分:两个主谓完整的句子,同词性单词,词组,非谓语或者同 类从句。 2并列连词的基本含义 and 表并列或顺承, but 表转折, or 表选择,so 表因果, for 表因为, while 表对比且含义 为“而”。 3固定结构 并列关系: both.and.两者都, not only.but (also)不但而且 选择关系: either.or
4、.或者或者,neither.nor.既不也不,not.but.不 是而是 祈使句and/or陈述句 1Now Irene Astbury works from 9 am to 5 pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield, she opened with her late husband Les.(2019 全国) 答案 which 解析 考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,先行词为 the pet shop,在非限制性定语 从句中作 opened 的宾语,故用 which。 2They were well trained by their mast
5、ers had great experience with caring for these animals.(2019 全国) 答案 who/that 解析 考查定语从句。句意为:它们被它们的主人训练得很好,它们的主人在照顾这些动物 方面很有经验。先行词为 masters(主人们),且关系词在从句中作主语,故填 who 或 that。 3 On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth gives off light in the dark.(2019 浙江) 答案 that/which 解析 考查限制性定语从句。 先行词是 clot
6、h, 指物, 且从句中缺少主语, 因此用 that 或 which 引导。 4The students benefitting most from college are those are totally engaged(参与) in academic life,taking full advantage of the colleges chances and resources(资源)(2019 北京) 答案 who 解析 考查限制性定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,修饰先行词 those,且在从句中作主语, 代指人,故填 who。 5We have entered into an age d
7、reams have the best chance of coming true.(2019 江苏) 答案 when 解析 考查限制性定语从句。 句中先行词为 an age(一个时代), 且先行词在从句中作时间状语, 故填关系副词 when。 6Their child is at the stage she can say individual words but not full sentences. (2019 天津) 答案 where 解析 考查限制性定语从句。设空处引导定语从句,先行词是 the stage,关系词在定语从句 中作地点状语,故填关系副词 where。 7 Two of
8、 the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018 全国) 答案 that/which 解析 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,所填词引导定语从句,修饰 a study,指物,且关 系词在从句中作主语,故填关系代词 that 或 which。 8The Chinese Minist
9、ry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started a soil- testing program gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmersand 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.(2018 全国) 答案 that/which 解析 考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知,所填词引导定语从句,修饰指物的 a soil- testing program 且在从句中作主语,故用 that 或
10、which。 9Many westerners come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018 浙江) 答案 who/that 解析 考查限制性定语从句。先行词是 westerners(西方人),并在从句中作主语,故用 who 或 that 引导定语从句。 10Kate, sister I shared a room with when we were at college,has gone to work in Aus
11、tralia.(2018 天津) 答案 whose 解析 句意为:凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候,我与她的姐姐共住一室。 Kate 与 sister 是所属关系,应用 whose 引导定语从句。故填 whose。 11Self- driving is an area China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. (2018 江苏) 答案 where 解析 句意为:自动驾驶是一个中国和世界上其他国家处在同一起跑线的领域。分析句子结 构可知,area 作定语从句的先行词,在从句中作地点状语,故用 where
12、 引导。故填 where。 12Like anything,it is possible to have too much of both, is not good for the health. (2017 全国) 答案 which 解析 考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知,空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并 在从句中作主语,且指代整个主句的内容,表示“这一点,这件事”,故填关系代词 which。 13But Sarah, has taken part in shows along with top models,wants to prove that she has brains as
13、 well as beauty.(2017 全国) 答案 who 解析 考查非限制性定语从句。引导词代替先行词在从句中作主语,且指人,故用 who。 1判断依据 设空处无提示词。 设空处前的句子完整。 设空处后的句子不完整,而且对前面位置相近的名词或句子有修饰或者限定关系。 2三步确定关系词 Step 1 逗号判断限制非限制 先行词后面出现逗号,是非限制性定语从句,先行词往往是代替整句话。 表示“这一点,这件事” ,用 which 引导,绝对不能用 that。 as 引导非限制性定语从句,表示“正如”,常见结构有: as is well- known 众所周知 as is often the
14、case 情况常常如此 as is reported 正如报道的那样 Step 2 找到先行词,判断是人是物 先行词是人:that/who/whom/whose 先行词是物:that/which/whose 先行词是时间/地点/原因:when/where/why Step 3 根据从句即设空处后面缺少的成分,确定最后答案 缺主语:that/which/who 缺及物动词的宾语:that/which/who/whom 缺介词的宾语:which/whom 缺定语:whose(和先行词构成所属关系) 缺时间/地点/原因状语:when/where/why 3固定句型 there was a time
15、when.曾经有一段的时光 days are gone when.的时光一去不复返 the reason why.is that.的原因是 注意:stage/point/case/situation/scene/degree 等抽象意义的地点名词作先行词时,若 从句成分完整则用 where,若从句缺少主宾成分,则用 that/which。 1While they are rare north of 88 ,there is evidence they range all the way across the Arctic,and as far south as James Bay in Can
16、ada.(2019 全国) 答案 that 解析 考查同位语从句。分析句子结构可知,主句为 there be 句型,且结构完整,空格处引 导同位语从句,解释说明抽象名词 evidence 的内容,故填 that。 2What students do at college seems to matter much more than they go.(2019 北京) 答案 where 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为:学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里(哪所大学)更重要。这里 表达“去哪所大学”,表示地点,作状语。故用 where。 3Scientists have obtained more evid
17、ence plastic is finding its way into the human body.(2019 江苏) 答案 that 解析 考查同位语从句。句意为:科学家已经获得更多证据,这些证据表明塑料正在进入人 体。从句不缺成分,且解释说明了抽象名词 evidence 的内容,所以用 that 引导同位语从句。 故填 that。 4Im not sure is more frightened,me or the female gorilla(大猩猩) that suddenly appears out of nowhere.(2018 全国) 答案 who/which 解析 考查宾语
18、从句的引导词。句意为:我不确定谁(哪一个)更害怕,是我还是那只不知从 哪里突然冒出来的雌猩猩。 5This is my father has taught meto always face difficulties and hope for the best. (2018 北京) 答案 what 解析 句意为:这就是父亲教我的总是直面困难,并且抱最大的希望。根据设空处前的 is 可以判断,此处是一个表语从句。teach sb.sth.教给某人某事,引导词作 teach 的直接宾语。 故填 what。 6The gold medal will be awarded to wins the fir
19、st place in the bicycle race.(2018 天津) 答案 whoever 解析 句意为:金牌将被授予在自行车比赛中获得第一名的人。介词 to 后是宾语从句,从句 中动词 wins 前缺主语,而且金牌给的是“任何人”,故用 whoever 引导宾语从句。 7Every year, makes the most beautiful kite will win a prize in the Kite Festival. (2017 北京) 答案 whoever 解析 考查主语从句。句意为:每年,在风筝节上风筝做得最漂亮的人会赢得奖品。设空处 表示“无论谁”,表泛指,故填 w
20、hoever。 8Jane moved aimlessly down the tree- lined street,not knowing she was heading. (2017 北京) 答案 where 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为:简沿着绿树成荫的街道漫无目的地走着,并不知道要去哪里。 故填 where。 9She asked me I had returned the books to the library,and I admitted that I hadnt. (2017 天津) 答案 whether/if 解析 考查宾语从句。句意为:她问我是否已将那些书还给了图书馆,我承认还
21、没还。故填 whether/if。 10As natural architects,the Pueblo Indians figured out exactly thick the adobe walls needed to be to make the cycle work on most days.(2015 全国) 答案 how 解析 设空处引导宾语从句,作 figured out 的宾语。从句不缺主宾表成分,故设空处在从句 中作状语。thick 为形容词,只能用 how 修饰,表示程度。故填 how。 1判断依据:名词性从句的位置特点 主语从句往往位于句首,或者 it 作形式主语位于句
22、首。 宾语从句位于及物动词或者介词之后。 表语从句位于系动词之后。 同位语从句位于抽象意义的名词之后, 如: fact, idea, news, truth, hope, doubt, suggestion, belief,evidence 等,说明抽象名词的内容。 2分析从句缺少成分,判断常见引导词 缺少主宾表,考虑用 what/who/whom/which 或者 whatever/whoever/whomever/whichever。 缺少状语, 考虑用where/wherever(地点), when/whenever(时间), how/however(方式), why(原因)。 不缺少成
23、分,缺少含义“是否”,考虑用 whether/if,首选 whether。 不缺少成分,不缺少含义,考虑用 that。 3用引导词含义代入到句子中理解,对解决名词性从句有奇效。 4注意: what 是高频考点。 除了在从句中充当主宾表成分以外, 还充当定语。 如: It is uncertain what side effect the medicine will bring about,although about two thousand patients have taken it. that 引导名词性从句,没有含义,不充当成分。但是只在引导第一个宾语从句时可以省略。 that 引导主
24、语从句、表语从句、同位语从句或第二个宾语从句时绝对不可以省略。 5重点句型 What.is that. what 引导主语从句,that 引导表语从句。 如:What is the most important is that every one should be present in time. 1Tom is so independent that he never asks his parents opinion he wants their support. (2019 天津) 答案 unless 解析 考查条件状语从句。句意为:汤姆是如此独立,以至于他从来不征求父母的意见,除 非他
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