Unit21 Grammar—Conditionals and Mixed Conditionals & Modality学案(含答案)
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1、GrammarConditionals and Mixed Conditionals & Modality 感知以下课文原句,完成方框下的小题 (一) 1Many contemporary amateur athletes would have broken world records if they had taken part in the first Olympic Games. 2Ben Johnson would still be the 100 metres world record holder if he had not been caught taking drugs in
2、the 1988 Olympics. 3If American athlete Marion Jones hadnt taken drugs,would she have made it to the Olympics at all? 4If gene- therapy were used now,it would be almost impossible to find out. 5 However, if a generation of sports stars with enhanced genes were created, it would contradict the whole
3、spirit of sport. 1 在 if 虚拟条件句中, 如果表示与现在事实相反的假设, 则 if 条件句的谓语动词的时态为: 过去式,主句的谓语动词的形式为:would/should/could/might动词原形,如句 4, 句 5。 2 在 if 虚拟条件句中, 如果表示与过去事实相反的假设, 则 if 条件句的谓语动词的形式为: had 过去分词,主句的谓语动词的形式:would/should/could/mighthave 过去分词。如 句 1, 句 3。 3 如果虚拟条件句和主句表示的动作发生的时间不一致, 则主从句动词的形式应根据各自所 表示的时间进行调整。这种结构称为:错
4、综虚拟条件句。如句 2。 (二) 1 In the summer of 1996, everything must have been going perfectly for the twenty- five- year- old Texan cyclist. 2He had been offered contracts by big sporting companies,such as Nike,and did not need to worry about money. 3He should have gone earlier,but he had ignored the pain so
5、that he could continue racing. 4When he went to the doctor that day,he could not have known what was about to happen to him. 5There was a 40% chance he would survive and a 60% chance he might die. 6During periods when he did not have to have chemotherapy,he rode his bike 30 to 50 miles a day. 7 Many
6、 people doubted Armstrongs ability to become a top cyclist again but they need not have worried. 8However,we must not forget that he is different from other stars. 9Money and success do not seem to interest him and he must have a different kind of motivation. 10But young,strong men must realise that
7、 this can happen to them,too. 4must have done sth.表示对过去事情的肯定判断,如句 1;must not do sth.意为:千万不要 做某事,如句 8;mustdo 表示对现在事情的肯定判断,如句 9;还表示“必须做某事”, 如句 10。 5should have done sth.表示“本该做某事但没做”,如句 3。 6could do sth.表示“能够做某事”如句 3;couldnt have done sth.表示“过去不可能做某 事”,如句 4。 7might do 表示“或许”,如句 5。 8have to 的否定式为:dont/d
8、idnt have to, 表示“不必”, 如句 6。 9need 既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。如在句 2 中用作实义动词;在句 7 中用作 情态动词。neednt have done sth.表示“过去本不需要做某事而做了”。 一、条件句和混合条件句 在英语中,我们一般把条件句分为两种,即真实条件句和非真实条件句。非真实条件句亦可 称为虚拟条件句。虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事 实。 1if 虚拟条件句 if 虚拟条件句 主句 与现在事实 相反的假设 if主语动词过去式(be 动词用 were) 主语would/should/could/might
9、动词原形 与过去事实 相反的假设 if主语had过去分词 主语would/should/could/might have过去分词 与将来事实if主语主语would/should/could/might 相反的假设 动词过去式be动 词用were should动词原形 were to动词原形 动词原形 If I were a bird,I could fly. 如果我是一只鸟的话,我就能飞了。 If we had started earlier,we would not have missed the train. 如果我们早点出发,就不会错过这班火车了。 If he shouldnt come
10、 tomorrow,we would put off the meeting till next Monday. 要是他明天来不了,我们将把会议推迟到下周一。 注意:在 if 虚拟条件句中,如果从句谓语动词有 were/should/had 时,可以省略 if,然后把 were/should/had 提到主语前面,形成部分倒装。 Were I at school again,I would study harder. 如果我可以再上一次学,我会更努力地学习。 Had you come earlier,you would have caught the bus. 如果你早一点儿到,你就会赶上那趟
11、公交车了。 Should it rain tomorrow,we would not go climbing. 如果明天下雨,我们就不去爬山。 2混合条件句 通常情况下,虚拟条件句和主句表示的动作发生的时间是一致的,但不一致时主从句动词的 形式应根据各自所表示的时间进行调整。我们把这种结构称为混合虚拟条件句或错综虚拟条 件句。可将其分为两种: (1)想象中的现在状态可能对过去有影响; If I were you,I would have taken his advice. 如果我是你的话,我就接纳他的意见了。 (2)想象的过去事件可能对现在有影响; If I had taken my rain
12、coat with me this morning,I would not be wet now. 如果今天早上带上雨衣的话,我现在就不会淋湿了。 3含蓄虚拟条件句 有时虚拟的条件并不是直接通过条件句来表示,而是用一些词或短语或上下文暗示来说明, 我们称之为含蓄虚拟条件句。 (1)用介词(短语)表条件,如:but for,without: But for your advice,I couldnt have done it so successfully. 要是没有你的建议,我就不会做得那么成功。 (2)用连词(but,or),副词(otherwise)表条件: I would have at
13、tended the party,but I was too busy. 要不是我太忙,我就去参加那个聚会了。 (3)分词短语暗示条件: Having known in time,we might have prevented the accident. 要是及时得知的话,我们也许能阻止这场事故。 Given more attention,the tree could have grown better.如果多留心的话,这棵树本来可以长得 更好。 (4)通过上下文表条件: I would have come to see you that day.Unfortunately,it was ra
14、ining so hard. 我本来打算那天来看你的,不巧的是那天下大雨。 二、情态动词 1概述 情态动词表示说话人的语气和情态, 如需要、 可能、 意愿和怀疑等。 情态动词有一定的词义, 但不完整,必须和主要动词的原形一起构成谓语,常用的情态动词有:can,could,may, might,must,ought to,need,dare 以及 shall,should,will,would;下列短语也表达情态动 词的意义:be able to,had better,have to,used to。 2情态动词的用法 表示推测 can(能);may(可能);could(可能);might(可能
15、);must(一定);should(应 该);ought to(应该);will/would(会) 表示义务、责任、 必要性 must(必须);have to(不得不);should(应该);ought to(应该);need(有必 要);neednt(没有必要);dont have to(不必);had better(最好) 表示能力 can(能够);could(能够);be able to(能够) 表示请求、许可、 禁止 Can I.?;May I.?;Could I.?;Will you.?;Would you please.?; Shall I.?(委婉形式);cant(不可以);mu
16、stnt(禁止) 表示习惯和倾向 used to do(过去常常);would do(过去的习惯行为);will do(常常) 表示意志 will(与第一人称连用,意为“愿意”);shall(与第二人称和第三人称连用 表示命令、允诺或强烈的意愿) 3.常见情态动词的用法 (1)can 表能力。 He can speak English.他会讲英语。 表客观条件允许做某事。 I can call you tomorrow.我明天可以给你打电话。 表推测(多用于疑问句和否定句)。 That cant be Maryshes in hospital. 那不可能是玛丽她在住院。 (2)could 表过
17、去的能力。 I could drive a car before I left school. 毕业前我就会开车了。 表可能性(既可表示过去的可能性,也可表示现在的可能性,比 can 的程度要弱)。 He said the news could be true. 他说这消息可能是真的。 用于委婉、客气地提出请求、想法、问题或陈述看法,回答时用原形。 Could I use your dictionary? Yes,you can. 我能用一下你的词典吗? 行,可以。 (3)may 表征求对方的意见。 May I sit here?我可以坐这儿吗? 表允许 You may come if you
18、 wish.如果你想来,你就来。 表可能性。 We may meet her at the station. 我们可能会在车站遇到她。 表祝愿。 May you succeed!祝你成功! (4)might 表可以做的事或可能发生的事,might 比 may 的口气委婉或表示实现的可能性更小些。 Thinking it might rain,I decided to go by car. 我想可能会下雨,所以决定开车去。 may (just) as well,might as well,意为“不妨”,用于提出建议。 You might as well have a try.你不妨试一下。 表可
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