2021年高考英语语法专题复习讲解
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1、高三英语语法专题复习讲义高三英语语法专题复习讲义 一、一、冠词冠词 【要点点拨】【要点点拨】 一不定冠词中的主要用法:一不定冠词中的主要用法: 1.表“一个” “每一个” (=per) “某一个” (=a certain / some),如: eight hours a day; a Mr. Smith 2.a / an +抽象名词表示具体的人或物(如:a pleasure / success / failure/ comfort / shame 等); a / an +某些物质名词表示 “一阵” “一份”等,如: a heavy rain; 3. a / an +有些名词= the same
2、+ n. 如: The students standing there are of an age (= of the same age.) 二定冠词的主要用法二定冠词的主要用法: (一)1.特定的或上文提到的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词); 2.一些习惯用语及固定词组中; (二)1.世界上独一无二的物,或表示方位及发明物前: the universe; the sun; the moon; He invented the wheel; 2.乐器名词前: play the violin; 3.表计量单位的名词前,表示”按”: by the dozen / yard / hour; 4.与形容词
3、或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人): the old / sick / Chinese; (三)1.用于姓的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人: the Browns 2.年代的名词前表示”某十年代” : in the 1990s (四)1.在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前: the Yellow Sea; the English Channel; the Rocky Mountains; 2.在由普通名词构成的表示机构、 国家、 建筑、 历史朝代、 三军、 报刊,、 杂志等名词前: the Song Dynasty ; the World Trade Center; t
4、he Peoples Daily; the Times; (五)1.用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:my first visit to the Great Wall) ; 2.对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级): He is the taller of the twins; 3.句型”the+比较级,the+比较级”中:The higher you stand, the farther youll see. 三不用冠词的场合三不用冠词的场合: (一)1.抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时); 2.星期,季节,月份的名词前(比较:in winter / in the winte
5、r of 2000 ; on Sunday / on a Sunday in May); 3.三餐饭前(比较:have lunch / have a big lunch); 4.球类或棋类名词前(play cards / chess); 5.表示学科的名词前; 6.by+交通工具的名词前(by car =in a car); 7.表示节假日的名词前(但:the Mid-Autumn Festival 或可说成 Mid-Autumn Day); (二)1.在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在 as 后也常省略); 2.指家中雇佣的 cook, nurse,
6、 teacher 等时不用冠词并且大写:He was made monitor of our class; Whats the matter, Grandpa? (三)1.动词 turn 后的名词前不用冠词(但 become 后接可数名词单数时要加冠词): turn doctor=become a doctor; 2.word 表示 “消息” “诺言”时不用冠词: leave word / keep ones word / a man of his word; 3.man 表示 “人类”时不用冠词; 4.连词 as(虽然)引导倒装句中的名词前不用冠词; (四)在一些表示街名,广场名,公园名,大
7、学名,国名,人名等专有名词前:Nanjing Road; Tian An Men Square; Hyde Park (但:the Peoples Park); Yale University ( the University of Yale) (五)下列短语中有无冠词意义大不一样: at (the) table; in (the) prison; at (the) sea; by (the) sea ; by (the) hand; go to (the) hospital; on (the) earth; out of (the) question; by (the) day; in (t
8、he) front of ; (the) three of us; the / a number of; have a word/ words with sb.; a singer and (a) dancer ; a knife and (a)fork ; a / the second time ; a / the most beautiful city 四冠词的位置四冠词的位置: 1.all / both / half / many / double / such / what / quite+ 冠词+(形容词)+名词: half the books ; many a student ;
9、such a fine day; What a lovely present! quite a big meal 2.as / so / how / too+形容词+冠词+名词: so fine a day; too difficult a problem; as clever a boy as you 二、二、名名 词词 【要点点拨】【要点点拨】可数名词的复数构成规则可数名词的复数构成规则: 1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加 y 结尾的去 y 加 ies;把 f/ fe 变成 ves; (1)keys , three Henrys; stomachs; safes; belief
10、s; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes (2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加 s 或s 都可,如: some VIPs (VIPs); in his 50s / 50s; in the 1990s / 1990s; There are two ts in the word “letter”. 2.不规则变化: (1) men , children , feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen 等; (2) 单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; m
11、eans; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals 等表示种类); (3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arms(武器); (4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law (5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Jap
12、anese) B: 把 man 变成 men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C: 其它加 s (包括 Germans, humans) 不可数名词不可数名词 1.量的表示:用 some / a little / much 等表示数量的词(组)及单位名词(量词) ,用得较多的有 piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar 等:a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furnit
13、ure / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate ; two head of cattle 2.不可数名词具体化: These games are great successes; The party was a great success. 名词的所有格:名词的所有格: 1.表示有生命的名词后加s, 如一样东西为几人共有, 则在最后一个名词后加s: Jack and Toms room(两人共 有的房间); Jacks and Toms rooms(两人各自的房间) ;表示无生命的名词的所有格用 of 表示:t
14、he windows of the room; (但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加s: Chinas industry; todays paper; ten minutes walk) 2.表示 “某人家里”“某店铺” 等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词: at my aunts (house); at the doctors (office); go to the chemists (shop); 3.双重所有格:a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / sev
15、eral / such / another / which 等+名词+of +.s / 名词性物主代词(表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩,如:赞赏、讨厌等) ; 比较: a friend of her mothers 她母亲的一个朋友(强调她母亲的朋友中的一位,为双重所有格) a friend of her mother 她母亲的朋友(强调两人间的关系,为 of 所有格) a picture of his brothers(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张,照片上不一定是他本人) a picture of his brother(他弟弟本人的一张照片,照片上就是他本人) 名词作定语修饰名词名词
16、作定语修饰名词:前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途; (1)一般前面的名词用单数形式, 复数加在后面主体名词上: shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式: sales manager; sports meet; 由 man / woman 与另一个名 词构成复合名词两者都变复数:men/ women doctors; (2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义: a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag 布
17、满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change 化学变化(具有化 学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师 a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch 一只金黄色的表 英语中英语中”很多很多”的表达的表达: 只修饰可数名词:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of 只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts
18、of) 既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of 三、代三、代 词词 【要点点拨】【要点点拨】 1、 在定语从句中, 当先行词是代词 he / she / those / anyone 等时, 从句的引导词指人时用 who, 指物时用 that。 e.g. Those who know the answer can go on with the other exercises. He who does not reach the Great Wal
19、l is not a true man. Anything that benefits the people will be accepted. 2、all ( both, every, each) not = not all ( both, every, each) 构成部分否定,他们的全部否定分别是:none, neither, no one ( nothing) e.g. Not all the students could understand his explanation. Each child can not go to school in the mountain villag
20、e. 3、 含有 else 的所有格有以下几种表示法:somebody elses, anybody elses, nobody elses ; who elses = whose else 4、定代词作主语,代词可用:it(指物) 、he(指人) 、they(指人、物) e.g. Everyone knows how to do it, doesnt he/ dont they? 4、 all 作主语时的数:代替可数名词,是复数;代替不可数名词,是单数;作“所的一切”解释时,不 可数,动词用单数。 5、 身代词:by oneself: 亲自、独自、自动地; of oneself: 自动地;
21、be oneself: 身体好 help oneself (to): 自助、自己拿; in itself: 本质上、就其本身而言。 e.g. The man is too old to live by himself. / The door closed of itself. Im not quite myself today. / The question in itself is not very difficult. 6. 用人称代词简略回答时,要用人称代词的宾格。 e.g. - Who is knocking at the door? - Me, Tom. 7. The rest、Th
22、e remainder 作主语时,谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。 e.g. I have read half of the book. The rest is to be finished in a week. Several people were saved, but the remainder were still inside the burning house. 区别以下几组词:区别以下几组词: 1、none, nothing, no one(nobody) none: (指三个以上之中)没有任何(人、物) ,常用来否定回答以 How many/ How much? 引起的疑问句。
23、可以后接介词短语 of;作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。 e.g. - How many sheep did you see on the hill? - None. - Please give me some ink. - Sorry, there is none(no ink) left. None of the students could answer the question, which made the teacher disappointed nothing: (视为单数)没什么,无事 e.g. After the fire, nothing was left on
24、the hills. Nothing did he say and he went home silently. no one= nobody:没有一个人,只能指人,是单数,常用来否定回答 Who?的疑问句,后面不可接 of 介 词短语。 e.g. - Who broke the window? - No one. It broke of itself. 2、it / they, one / ones, the one / the ones ,that / those it / they:用来指前面所提及的名词本身,起替代作用,避免重复; e.g. He bought a pen. It co
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