2022届高三英语二轮重点语法汇总复习汇总
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1、 1 英语考试重点语法汇总英语考试重点语法汇总 一、名词一、名词 I. 名词的种类:名词的种类: 专有名词 普通名词 国名地名人名,团体机构名称 可数名词 不可数名词 个体名词 集体名词 抽象名词 物质名词 II. 名词的数:名词的数: 1. 规则名词的复数形式: 名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式后面加-s 或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则列表如下: 规则 例词 1 一般情况在词尾加-s map-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days 2 以 s, x, ch, sh 结尾的名词后加-es class-classes, box-boxes, watch-watc
2、hes, dish-dishes 3 以-f 或-fe 结尾的词 变-f 和-fe 为 v 再加-es leaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-s belief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs 4 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的名词,变 y 为 i加-es party-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities 5 以元音字母加 y 结尾的名词, 或专有名词
3、以 y 结尾的,加-s toy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys 6 以 辅 音 字 母加-o 结尾的名词 一般加-es hero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-s piano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可 zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos 7 以元音字母加-o 结尾的名词加-s ra
4、dio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos 8 以-th 结尾的名词加-s truth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths, 2. 不规则名词复数: 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下: 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3 只
5、有复数形式只有复数形式 ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员) audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), for
6、ces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), 2 manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟) 7 表 示“ 某国人” 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man 或-woman 结尾的改为-men,-women Englishmen, Frenchw
7、omen 8 合 成名词 将主体名词变为复数 sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches 将两部分变为复数 women singers, men servants III. 名词的所有格:名词的所有格: 名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。 所有格分两种: 一是名词词尾加s 构成,二是由介词 of 加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西,后者多表示无生命的东西。 1. s 所有格的构成: 单数名词在末
8、尾加s the boys father, Jacks book, her son-in-laws photo, 复数名词 一般在末尾加 the teachers room, the twins mother, 不规则复数名词后加s the childrens toys, womens rights, 以 s 结尾的人名所有格加s 或者 Dickens novels, Charless job, the Smiths house 表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加s Japans and Americas problems, Janes and Marys bikes 表示共有的所有关系时在
9、最后一词末加s Japan and Americas problems, Jane and Marys father 表示某人家店铺,所有格后名词省略 the doctors, the barbers, the tailors, my uncles 2. s 所有格的用法: 表示时间 todays newspaper, five weeks holiday 2 表示自然现象 the earths atmosphere, the trees branches 3 表示国家城市等地方的名词 the countrys plan, the worlds population, Chinas indus
10、try 4 表示工作群体 the ships crew, majoritys view, the teams victory 5 表示度量衡及价值 a miles journey, five dollars worth of apples 6 与人类活动有特殊关系的名词 the lifes time, the plays plot 7 某些固定词组 a birds eye view, a stones throw, at ones wits end(不知所措) 3. of 所有格的用法: 用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book
11、 用于有生命的东西,尤其是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students 用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二、代词二、代词 I. 代词可以分为以下七大类:代词可以分为以下七大类: 3 1 人称代词 主格 I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them 2 物主代词 形 容 词性 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性 mine, yours, his, hers
12、, its, ours, theirs 3 反身代词 myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves 4 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some 5 疑问代词 who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever 6 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as 7 不定代词 one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ n
13、o, many/ much, few/ little/ a few/ a little, other/ another, all/ both, neither/ either II. 不定代词用法注意点:不定代词用法注意点: 1. one, some 与 any: 1) one 可以泛指任何人,也可特指,复数为 ones。some 多用于肯定句,any 多用于疑问句和否定句。 One should learn to think of others. Have you any bookmarks? No, I dont have any bookmarks. I have some questi
14、ons to ask. 2) some 可用于疑问句中,表示盼望得到肯定的答复,或者表示建议,请求等。 Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money? 3) some 和 any 修饰可数名词单数时,some 表示某个,any 表示任何一个。 I have read this article in some magazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any. 4) some 和数词连用表示“大约”,any 可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 stude
15、nts in this school. Do you feel any better today? 2. each 和 every: each 强调个别强调个别,代表的数可以是两个或两个以上,而 every 强调整体强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。 Each student has a pocket dictionary. / Each (of us) has a dictionary. / We each have a dictionary. Every student has strong and weak points. / Every one of us has strong
16、and weak points. 3. none 和 no: no 等于 not any,作定语。none 作主语或宾语,代替不可数名词,谓语用单数,代替可数名词,谓语单复数皆可以。 There is no water in the bottle. How much water is there in the bottle? None. None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties. 4. other 和 another: 1) other 泛指 “另外的, 别的” 常与其他词连用, 如: the other day, every o
17、ther week, some other reason, no other way, the other 特指两者中的另外一个,复数为 the others。如: He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other. Two students in our class failed, but all the others passed the exam. 4 2) another 指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是指“又一个,另一个”无所指,复数形式是 others,泛指“别的人或事”如: I dont like this shir
18、t, please show me another (one). The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others. Some like football, while others like basketball. 5. all 和和 both, neither 和和 either all 表示不可数名词时,其谓语动词用单数。both 和 all 加否定词表示部分否定,全部否定用neither 和 none. All of the books are not written in English. / N
19、ot all of the books are written in English. Both of us are not teachers. / Not both of us are teachers. / Either of us is a teacher. 三、三、动词动词 动词动词需要掌握的知识点有四个:动词的 16 种时态;动词的被动语态;动词的非谓语动词;动动词的被动语态;动词的非谓语动词;动词的虚拟语气。词的虚拟语气。 . 动词的分类动词的分类 动词的分类一共分为四四大类:实义动词;实义动词;连系动词;连系动词;情态动词;情态动词;助动词助动词。 实义动词:有实际意思的词,可以
20、完整的作谓语,如 write, buy 等 连系动词:无动词意义,连接主语和表语,如 be, feel,look, taste 等(与实义动词相对的) 情态动词:表示情绪和态度的,可以理解成帮助增加感情色彩的词类,如 can,may, must 等。 助动词:帮助构成疑问、否定等情况的词类,,本身没实际意义,如 be, have, has,do, does,shall等。 高频动词考点:高频动词考点: . 动词的时态动词的时态 1. 动词的时态一共有 16 种,以 ask 为例,将其各种时态的构成形式列表如下: 现在时 过去时 将来时 过去将来时 一般 ask / asks asked sha
21、ll/will ask should/would ask 5 进行 am/is/are asking was/were asking shall/will be asking should/would be asking 完成 have/has asked had asked shall/will have asked should/would have asked 完 成 进行 have/has been asking had been asking shall/will have been asking should/would have been asking 2. 现在完成时与一般过去
22、时的区别: 1) 现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状况,但和现在有联系,强调的是对现在造成的影响或结果,它不能同表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“已经”汉译英时可加“已经”等词。简言之,利利用过去,说明现在用过去,说明现在。如: I have already read the novel written by the world-famous writer. (已经看过, 且了解这本书的内容) 2) 一般过去时只表示过去发生的动作或状态,和现在无关,它可和表示过去的时间状语连用,汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,不关现在汉译英时可加“过”,“了”等词。简言之,仅谈过去,
23、不关现在。如: I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了,不涉及现在是否记住) I lived in Beijing for ten years.(只说明在北京住过十年,与现在无关) 3. 现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 两者都可以表示“从过去开始一直持续到现在”,在含义上如着重表示动作的结果时,多用现在完成时,如着重表示动作一直在进行,即动作的延续性时,则多用现在完成进行时。一般不能用于进行时的动词也不能用于现在完成进行时。 【 火眼金睛,辨差异火眼金睛,辨差异 】 * I read that book. 我读过那本书。(单纯叙述曾经发生过的事:读过了
24、就结束了,仅此而已) * I have read that book. 我已经读过已经读过那本书了。了。(强调刚读过,对现在造成一定影响:接下来有可能要谈论此书了)。 * I have been reading that book all the morning. 我早上一直早上一直在读那本书。 4. 一般将来时的表达方式: 将来时 用法 例句 1 will/shall+动词原形 表示将来发生的动作或存在的状态 My sister will be ten next year. 2 be going to+动词原形 含有“打算,计划,即将”做某事,或表示很有可能要发生某事 Its going t
25、o clear up. Were going to have a party tonight. 3 be + doing 进行时表示将来 go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作(位移动词)的动作(位移动词) He is moving to the south. Are they leaving for Europe? 4 be about to + 动词原形 表示安排或计划中的马上就要马上就要发生的动作,后面一般不跟时间状语 I was about to leave when the bell r
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