新目标八年级英语下册Unit10知识点讲义

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1、Unit 10 IUnit 10 I ve had this bike for three years.ve had this bike for three years.讲义讲义 一、一、 重点单词重点单词 1. yard n. 院子 2. sweet adj. 甜蜜的; 甜的; 含糖的 3. memory n. 记忆; 回忆 4.cent n. 分; 分币 5.bear n. 熊 6.maker n. 生产者; 制订者 7.scarf n. 围巾; 披巾; 头巾 8.soft adj. 软的; 柔软的 9.check v. & n. 检查; 审查 10.board n. 板; 木板 11.j

2、unior adj. 地位（或职位、级别）低下的 12.bedroom n. 卧室 13.own v. 拥有; 有 14.railway n. 铁路; 铁道 15. certain adj. 某种; 某事; 某人 16. while n. 一段时间; 一会儿 17. truthful adj. 诚实的; 真实的 18. hometown n. 家乡; 故乡 19. nowadays adv. 现 今 ; 现在; 目前 20. search v. & n. 搜索; 搜查 21. among prep. 在 （ 其 ）中; .之一 22. crayon n. 彩色铅笔（或粉笔、蜡笔） 23. sh

3、ame n. 羞耻; 羞愧; 惭愧 24. regard v.将.认为; 把.视为 25. count v. 数数 26. century n. 百年; 世纪 27. opposite prep.; 与 . 相对 ; 在 .对 面 adj. 对面的; 另一边的 28. especially adv. 尤 其 ; 特别; 格外 29. childhood n. 童年; 幼年 30. consider v. 注视; 仔细考虑 31. hold v. (held, held) 拥有; 抓住 二、短语归纳二、短语归纳 1. how long 多久 2. have a yard sale 举行庭院销售

4、3. give away 捐赠 4. not.anymore 不在不在 5. welcome to .欢迎到 6. a bit 有点 7. board game 棋类游戏 8. check out 查看，观察 9. clear out 收拾，整理 10. a lot of 许多 11. a bread maker 面包机 12. grow up 长大 13. no longer 不在不在 14. at first 起初 15. for example 例如 16. a train and railway set 一套轨道火车 17. as for 至于。 。至于。 。 18. give up

5、放弃放弃 19. to be honest 说实在的 20. on weekends 在周末 21. at least 至少至少 22. once or twice a year 一年一两次 23. millions of 数百万的 24. search for 寻找寻找 25. according to 依据 26. across from 在对面 27. in ones opinion 依依 来看来看 28. in order to 为了为了 三、句型集萃三、句型集萃 1. its +adj+for sb +to do sth 对某人来说做某事是的 2. want to do 想要做某事

6、3. love doing 喜欢做某事 4. decide to do 决定做某事 5. have been in +somewhere 曾在某地待了 6. hope to do sth 希望做某事 7. one of the +adj 最高级+名词复数 8. used to do sth 过去常常做 9. need to do 需要做 四、词汇、句型讲解及拓展四、词汇、句型讲解及拓展 1. And check out these soft toys and board games for younger kids. 看看给小孩们的这些毛绒玩具和棋盘游戏。 【解析解析】check out 查看

7、；观察 check v. 检查 You d better check out your engine. 你最好检查一下你的发动机。 【拓展拓展】check out 还可为不及物动词短语，意为“结账离开” 。 check out 也有“检查，核对”之意，但是强调查明真相，核对事实。在美式英语中常用 check upon。 2. My children are growing up fast .我的孩子们成长的很快。 【解析解析】grow up 成长 （常用于指人或动物） 3. So we ve been clearing out a lot of things from our bedroom

8、for a yard sale. 所以，我们正从卧室里清理出许多东西来办一场庭院拍卖会。 【解析解析 1】这是一个现在完成进行时的句子。现在完成进行时通常要和时间段连用，表示在某段时间内，某动作一直在进行，结构为“have/has been+v-ing +时间段” 。 例：The workers have been working for three hours. 这些工人已经工作 3 个小时了。 【注意注意】如果对时间段提问，疑问短语用 how long。如对上面例句中的 for 短语进行提问： How long have the workers been working? 这些工人工作多长

9、时间了？ 【解析解析 2】clear out 清理；把清空 clean up 清理；使整洁 例：I decided to clear out all the old shoes that we never wear. 我已经决定把我们从来不穿的旧鞋统统加以清除。 【拓展拓展】clear out 与 clean out 的用法区别 clear out 与 clean out 这两个短语都有“使.干净”的意思，但实际意思是不同的，前者意为“使.被清除掉，使.空出来” 。而 clean out 则是“使.清洁”之意。 例：I ll clear out that closet and then you

10、 can hang your clothes in there. 我会把衣橱腾出来，你就可以放衣服了。 Be sure to clean out the kitchen when you finish cooking. 做晚饭时，一定要把厨房收拾干净。 4. We ve decided to each sell five things we no longer use. 我们已经决定每人卖出去五件我们不用的东西。 【解析解析 1】decide 决定 decide v 决定-decision n 决定 (1)decide to do sth= make up ones mind to do st

11、h 决定做某事 (2)make a decision 做决定 My mother has decided _(take) me to acting lessons. 答案：答案：to take 【解析解析 2】no longer = not . any long 不再 no longer 位于助动词、情态动词或实意动词之后； not.any longer 常与助动词或情态动词连用，any longer 位于句末。 例.: I no longer live in this city. = I dont live in this city any longer. 【拓展拓展】 no longer,

12、 not . any longer; no more , not. any more. 词语 同义词 用法 no longer ，not . any longer 强调时间或动作“不再延续” ，与延续动词连用 no more ，not . any more 强调数量和程度“不再增加” 与非延续动词连用 例.: He can no longer walk = He cant walk any longer. I have no more money to give you.= I dont have money to give you any more. 5. For example, he h

13、as owned a train and railway set since his fourth birthday, and he played with it almost every week until he was about seven. 例如，从他四岁生日以来，就已经拥有了这列火车和铁轨的组合，大约七岁之前他几乎每周都要玩这个玩具。 【解析解析】own 拥有 own v 拥有owner n 物主 of ones own 某人自己的 the owner of 的所有者 1.Who is the _(own) of the bike? 2.I want to see it with

14、_(I) own eyes. 答案：答案：owner，my 6. And he didn t want to lose the toy monkey hes had since then, 并且他也不想失去自从他出生就拥有的那个玩具猴。 【解析解析】lose (lost , lost) 失去 I hope we wont lose the competition. 我希望你不要输了这场比赛。 7. My daughter was more understanding , although she felt sad to part with certain toys. 我女儿比较通情达理，尽管要

15、失去某些玩具也让她感到难过。 【解析解析 1】part with 与分开；失去（尤指舍不得的东西） He was very sorry to part with his favorite horses. 他卖掉他最喜欢的几匹马，心里很难过。 【解析解析 2】certain (1).某种；某事；某人（在句中只能做定语，常与不定代词 a 连用，可修饰单、复数名词） E.g.: A certain person called on me yesterday. (2). adj. 确实的，无疑的 be certain of 对某事有把握 e.g.: They are certain of succes

16、s. be certain to do sth 肯定做某事 e.g.: He is certain to come. be certain +that 确信 e.g.: I m certain that hell come. 我确信他会来。 8.As for me, I didnt want to give up my football shirts , but , to be honest , I havent played for a while now. 对于我来说，我不想放弃我的足球衫，但说实话，现在我有段时间没踢足球了。 【解析解析 1】as for 至于；关于 （后跟名词、代词或动

17、名词作宾语） 例：As for that computer. Im not telling you anything. 至于说哪台电脑，我什么都不会告诉你。 【解析解析 2】 to be honest = to tell (you) the truth 老实说；说实话 例：To be honest, I have little money. 老实说，我几乎没有钱。 【拓展拓展】honest adj. 诚实的（反）dishonest adj. 不诚实的 例: an honest boy 一个诚实的男孩 【注注】honest 以元音音素开头，所以前面的定冠词要用 an. 1.He is a _(h

18、onest) boy. We all don t like him. 2.She is an _(honest) girl. We all like her. 3. Tom likes to tell lies, he is_(honest) 4. I hear Michael never tells a lie. Thats right. He is an _ boy. A. active B. honest C. outgoing 答案：答案：dishonest , honest , dishonest ,B 【解析解析 3】for a while 一会儿 例: She likes to

19、lie down for a while after lunch. 他喜欢在午餐后躺一会。 9. What will they do with the money they raise from the sale? 他们要用卖东西筹集来的钱做什么？ 【解析解析】do with 处理；对付（某人或某物） 【拓展拓展】do with 处理处理 强调处理的对象，与强调处理的对象，与 what 连用连用 deal with 处理处理 强调处理的方式、方法，与强调处理的方式、方法，与 how 连用连用 1.We can t decide what will happen in our life, but

20、 we can decide how we will_it. A. agree with B. begin with C. deal with D. come up with 2. _ do you _ your broken watch? I am going to take it to the watchmaker s . A. How; do with B. What; deal with C. How; deal with D. What; did with 五、语法归纳五、语法归纳 现在完成时现在完成时 1、概念概念：一个动作开始于过去，持续到现在并有可能持续到将来。表示过去发生的或

21、已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 2、结构结构：have/has +过去分词 have/has been +过去分词 3、句型：肯定句：主语、句型：肯定句：主语+have/has +过去分词过去分词+其他其他 e.g. The car has arrived. 否定句：主语否定句：主语+have/has +not +过去分词过去分词+其他其他 e.g. The car hasnt arrived 一般疑问句：一般疑问句：have/has+主语主语+过去分词过去分词+其他其他 e.g. Has the car arrived? 特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+have/has

22、 +主语主语+过去分词过去分词+其他其他 e.g. When has the car arrived? 4、谈论开始于过去某个时候而且持续到现在的一个动作。常见的时间状语有：for+一段时间，since+过去的某个点时间， 例如：Eddie has lived with Millie since he was born. 4、for 和和 since 的区别的区别 1.)since 用来说明动作的起始时间，即从某时间点开始；用来说明动作的起始时间，即从某时间点开始；since 可作介词，后接时间点，也可用作连词，可作介词，后接时间点，也可用作连词，后接从句，表示某个动作或情况从过去某一时间点一

23、直持续到现在，从句用一般过去时。后接从句，表示某个动作或情况从过去某一时间点一直持续到现在，从句用一般过去时。 I have lived here since ten years ago我 10 年前就住在这儿。 I havent seen him since I came back. 自从我回来就没见过他。 for 用来说明动作的延续时间，即多长时间，后接时间段。用来说明动作的延续时间，即多长时间，后接时间段。for 作介词，后接时间段，表示“某个动作持作介词，后接时间段，表示“某个动作持续了多久；续了多久； I have lived here for more than ten years

24、我住在这儿 10 多年了。 Mr Smith hasnt come to China for three years. 史密斯先生三年没来中国了。 2.) since 具体有四种用法：具体有四种用法： (1)since+过去某时间点，这里时间点指具过去某时间点，这里时间点指具体的年、月、日、星期、小时体的年、月、日、星期、小时 等。如：等。如： He has been here since 1999他自 1999 年以来一直在这儿。 (2)since+一段时间一段时间+ago 表示“自时间前开始至今” 。如：表示“自时间前开始至今” 。如： He has been here since fiv

25、e years ago他在这儿已有 5 年了。 (3). Since + 一般过去时从句一般过去时从句 Many things have changed since you left. 你走后许多事情发生了变化。 (4)It ishas been+一段时间一段时间+since 从句如：从句如： It is two years since I came here It has been two years since I came here 我来这儿 2 年了。 用用 for 或者或者 since 填空：填空： 1. She has been ill _ more than to two wee

26、ks. 2. I haven t met him _ a long time. 3. Mary has been here _ eight oclock this morning. 4. It hasn t rained _ two months ago. 5. They have been my friends _I was a child. 答案：答案：for , for , since , since , since 6、延续性动词和非延续性动词延续性动词和非延续性动词 1） 、延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法：） 、延续性动词与非延续性动词的用法： （1）非延续性动词与短暂性时间（）非延

27、续性动词与短暂性时间（点）连用。点）连用。 He joined the league 3 years ago. 他入团 3 年了。 （他 3 年前入的团） （2）用“）用“It is/has been + 时间段时间段+since”句型。”句型。 It is/has been 3 years since I bought the book.这本书我买了 3 年了。 （从买这本书到现在 3 年了） （3）用相应的延续性动词代替非延续性动词，句子用现在完成时，时间状语为“）用相应的延续性动词代替非延续性动词，句子用现在完成时，时间状语为“for+时间段”或“时间段”或“since+过去时间点” “

28、过去时间点” “since+过去时的从句” “过去时的从句” “since+一段时间一段时间+ago” 。” 。 The old man died 4 years ago. =The old man has been dead for 4 years. I borrowed the books 5 days ago. = I have kept the book since 5 day ago. 2）.现在完成时态中延续性动词与非延续性动词的转换：现在完成时态中延续性动词与非延续性动词的转换： （1） 非延续性动词也称为终止性动词、 瞬间性动词， 表示不能延续的动作， 这种动作发生后立即结束。

29、） 非延续性动词也称为终止性动词、 瞬间性动词， 表示不能延续的动作， 这种动作发生后立即结束。 如：open，die，close，begin，finish，come，go，leave，move，buy，borrow，lend 等等。 非延续性动词在肯定句中与表示时间点的状语连用，如：two years ago，at 5 oclock，last week 等。 如：I lent my dictionary to her yesterday.昨天我把词典借给她了。 （2）延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，延续性动词表示能够延续的动作，如：learn，study，work，live，know，walk

30、，lie，keep，wait，watch，read，sleep，stay，sing，dance 等。延续性动词可以与表示时间段的状语： “for+时间段” “since+过去时间点” “since+过去时的从句” “since+一段时间+ago” ，how long 等连用。 3）.非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换：非延续性动词与延续性动词之间的转换： （1）转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态。）转化为相应的延续性动词，用于现在完成时态。 borrowkeep buyhave catch a coldhave a cold put onwear get to knowknow go t

31、o sleepsleep (2)转化为“转化为“be+形容词形容词/副词副词/介词介词/名词” 。名词” 。 begin/startbe on go outbe out get to/arrive/reachbe (in) diebe dead openbe open leavebe away finishbe over fall illbe ill get upbe closebe close becomebe fall asleepbe asleep joinbe in/be a member of go to bedbe in bed go to schoolbe in school m

32、ake friendsbe friends come/gobe+相应的介词短语 真题演练：真题演练： 1.【2017 河北】Don t return the video to Peter, I _ it. A.dont watch B. wont watch C. havent watched D. wasnt watch 2. 【2017 广东】一 Your shoes are so old. Why dont you buy a new pair? 一 Because I _ all my money on an MP5. A. spend B. have spent C. am spen

33、ding D. was spending 3.【2017 江苏宿迁】-Excuse me, is Mr Green in the office? -No. He _ Singapore for a meeting. He will be back in a few days. A. have gone to B. has gone to C. have been to D. has been to 4.【2017 江苏连云港】Julies father_ to London last month. He _ there three times. A. went; had gone B. has

34、 gone: has been C. went; has been D. has been; had gone 5.【2017 江苏常州】-Why are you worried? - Im expecting a call from my daughter. She _ New York for three years. A .has gone to B .has been to C. has been in D. has come in 6.【2017 山东济南】How long has Robert _? Since 2004. A. been to Beijing B. become

35、a policeman C. joined the art club D. studied in this school 7.【2017 山东青岛】The astronaut is so tired that he _ for eleven hours. A. has been asleep B. has fallen asleep C. has gone to bed D. has gone to sleep 8.【2017 湖北孝感】Id like you to tell me something about Shen Nongjia. Im sorry, but neither Jack

36、 nor I _ there. A. have been B. has been C. have gone D. has gone 9.【2017 四川内江】 Through he_ the book three times, he hopes to read it again. A. read B. reads C. has read D. would read 10.【2017 山东日照，15】The paper says Iron Man 3 is on this evening. Lets go and see it. But I _it. A. see B. saw C. have

37、seen D. will see 11.【2017 山东淄博】-Where is Darning? -He _ the teachers office. He ll be back soon. A. has been to B. has gone to C. will go to D. is going to 12.【2017 贵州铜仁】-Jane, when did you come here? -In 2017. I _ here for two years. A. have been to B. have gone to C. have come D. have been 13.【2017 贵州黔西南】 -Where is you father ? -He_ Beijing. A. has been to B. has gone to C. has gone D. has been 14.【2017 四川达州】We _ our English teacher since he moved to Beijing. A. didnt hear from B. havent heard from C. didnt receive D. havent received