高中考试英语——概要写作示例与写作训练1

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1、概要写作示例与写作训练1【写作示例】【原文呈现】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Regular exercise can reduce a womans risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep, U.S. researchers said on Monday.The study involving 5,968 women in Maryland confirmed previous findings that people who do regular physi

2、cal activity are less likely to develop cancer.But when the researchers looked at the women ages 18 to 65 who were in the upper half in terms of the amount of physical exercise they got per week, they found that sleep appeared to play an important role in cancer risk.Those who slept less than seven

3、hours nightly had a 47 percent higher risk of cancer than those who got more sleep among the physically active women, the researchers reported at a meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research.“We think its quite interesting and intriguing. Its kind of a first look into this. It isnt some

4、thing that has been widely studied,” James McClain of the National Cancer Institute, part of the U.S. governments National Institutes of Health, said in a telephone interview.McClain, who led the study, said it is unclear exactly how getting too little sleep may make one more susceptible(易受感染的) to c

5、ancer. “Getting adequate sleep has been long associated with health,” McClain said.The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention calls sleep loss an under-recognized public health problem, saying Americans are getting less and less slumber. The CDCP said the percentage of adults reporting slee

6、ping six hours or less a night increased from 1985 to 2006.Sleep experts say chronic sleep loss is associated with obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure, stroke, cardiovascular disease, depression, cigarette smoking and excessive drinking.In addition, research had shown that people who get regular

7、exercise have a reduced risk of breast, colon and other types of cancer. Experts think the effects of exercise on the bodys hormone levels, immune function and body weight may play an important role. 【思维路径】核心内容 本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一项科学研究发现。第一段科技报道类文章的中心所在，该段告诉我们文章主要说明的要点：经常锻炼可以降低妇女患癌症的风险，但是如果睡眠不足，锻炼的这种好处也

8、将不存在。文章的第二、三、四段讲述了该项研究中的具体的方法与数据统计。文章的第五、六段讲述了研究者对这个研究结果的看法与评论。文章的第七段讲述了美国疾病控制与预防中心对睡眠不足的看法。第八段进一步引证有关睡眠专家对睡眠不足带来的负面影响的看法。最后，第九段又回到该项研究发现上，告诉我们经常锻炼可以降低患那些癌症的风险及其原因。写作思路(1)熟悉文本类型，把握表述特征。通过文章第一段中的“U.S. researchers said on Monday”可知，本文是一篇科研报告。科研报告类的写作一般会在文章的开头部分交代文章的中心，然后具体介绍研究的设计、实施以及数据分析等，最后会根据相关研究发现

9、进一步展开说明研究可能会带来的影响等。通过分析文本类型及其表述特征，我们可以准确地筛选文章的中心及其各个部分的分论点。(2)理清文章结构，概括段落大意。根据(1)部分的分析，我们可以进一步的梳理文章的层次结构：第一段是文章的点题；第二至地四段是文章的数据分析；第五、六段是研究者的评论；第七、八段是引用他人的观点来进一步分析自己的发现；第九段则是进一步分析本研究。通过对文章层次的梳理，我们可以逐一罗列文章的中心及其各个分述的分论点。(3)确定表述中心，连贯表达要点。在(2)的基础上，我们可以逐一列出要表述的中心：第一段引出文章中心，即Regular exercise can reduce a w

10、omans risk of cancer, but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep(要点1)；第二至四段是第一个分论点，即People who do regular physical activity are less likely to develop cancer, but those who sleep less than seven hours nightly have higher risk. (要点2)；第五、六段引出第二个分论点，即This research is quite new, so it i

11、s still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make one more susceptible to cancer.(要点3)；第七、八段引出第三个分论点，即Sleep loss may give rise to such health problems as obesity, diabetes, stroke, depression and so on. (要点4)；最后一段进一步引出研究的发现，即Regular exercises may have an active effect on the bodys hormone levels,

12、 immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of cancer. (要点5)。在理清每部分的中心之后，我们可以利用有效的衔接手段，把这些要点组织成一个意义连贯的语篇。参考范文 US researchers have found that regular exercises may have an active effect on the bodys hormone levels, immune function and body weight which thus may reduce the risk of

13、cancer (要点1，要点) ,but the benefits may slip away if she gets too little sleep (要点1), especially less than seven hours nightly (要点2) which may cause such health problems as obesity, depression and so on. (要点4) However, it is still unclear exactly how sleeping little may make people more susceptible to

14、 cancer.(要点3)(76 words)范文解析 范文把要点1分为两部分并且与要点5、要点2、要点4进行整合，这样使得文章更加紧凑、言简意赅。范文把要点5放在了开头，这样先交代了regular exercises之所以能够降低患癌症的风险的原因；在这之后，用衔接词but把要点1的后半部分整合了进去，要点2正好也对要点1的后半部分进行了进一步的细化与解释；此外要点4缩写成一个which引导的定语从句，进一步说明睡眠不足带来的健康问题。最后用however引入要点3，说明了该项研究所存在的不足，这也正好符合科研报告类文章的写作特点。提炼归纳 1、关注文本的特征。缩写是对原文要点的综述，因而其

15、表达方式或陈述方式也必须与原文相符合。本文是一篇科研报告，所以在缩写部分就要点明是谁做的研究、研究的结果怎样、以及研究是如何进行的等。2、注重语义的转换。缩写很大程度上依赖于对原有的句子表达的浓缩与改写，这就需要对原文语句进行语义转换，包括使用非谓语动词短语替换原句子，或者用定语从句整合两个句子之间的关系等。范文中对要点1、2、4、5的整合就充分体现了在缩写中语义转换的重要性。3、强化整合的逻辑。要点整合涉及到事件或观点之间的时间先后、条件、因果关系等逻辑关系，因而在缩写的过程中，需充分关注各个要点之间的逻辑关系，并在此基础上对原文要点进行合理地整合。【写作演练】1.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写

16、一篇60词左右的内容概要First Offer: Take It or Keep WaitingAnyone who has searched for a job fresh out of college knows how difficult it is to get that first job. And if youre very lucky, eventually theres a job offer on the table. Should you grasp it, or wait for something better to come along the way?It depe

17、nds on whether you are a “maximizer” or a “satisficer”. Simply put, satisficers are more likely to cut their job search short and take the first job offer. Maximizers are more likely to continue searching until a better job offer comes along. Which type of approach yields the better payoff? A maximi

18、zer. Specifically, quoting the results of a study of the job search of 548 members of a school, the maximizers put themselves through more difficulties in the job hunt. They applied to twenty jobs, on average, while satisficers applied to only ten, and they were significantly more likely to make use

19、 of outside sources of information and support. But it turned out to be worth it: the job offers they got were significantly better, in terms of salary, than what the satisficers got.Satisficers were offered jobs with an average starting salary of $37, 085; the average starting salary offered to max

20、imizers was $44, 515, more than 20 percent higher. The trouble is, however, that higher pay doesnt make maximizers a happier group than satisficers. In fact, maximizers were significantly more likely than satisficers to be unhappy with the offers they accepted.Evidently, being a maximizer can help y

21、ou earn more income, but that income doesnt buy more happiness, as the maximizers likely to worry about the prospect of a better job offer out there he or she missed. Maximizers may have objectively superior outcomes, but theyre so busy obsessing about all the things that they could have had, so the

22、y tend to be less happy with the outcomes they do get._2.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Human beings are smart. However, it seems that people are gradually losing their smartness as smartphones become more and more important assistants in their lives, reported news website Record Japan on Oct. 22. As we

23、rely too much on technology instead of our brains, many people have lost three basic abilities, said the website.The first skill many people have lost is remembering phone numbers. Because phone numbers are stored in smart phone contacts, theres no need to dial a number or look at it again.And some

24、people may also have lost their sense of direction because navigation apps can guide people anywhere they want to go. These apps can even find shortest routes for you and avoid traffic jams. But the worst lost skills may be social ones, meaning that some people are becoming socially inept(无能的). Peop

25、le often bury themselves in their smart phones. As were too addicted to whats happening in the virtual world, some of us have lost conversational skills and sometimes cant even tell whether a person is happy or not.In August, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, studied 51 stude

26、nts aged 11 and 12 who had over five hours screen time every day. Their task was to tell the emotions of 48 pictures of faces that were happy, sad, angry or scared. The children made an average of 14.02 mistakes at the beginning. But after a five-day camp without electronic (电子的) products, they made

27、 only 9.41 mistakes on average. “If youre not practicing face-to-face communication, you could be losing important social skills,” concluded professor Yalda Uhls from the research.Luckily, people still have a chance to get these abilities back. You should try to keep your parents numbers in mind for

28、 emergencies. You should also pay more attention to street signs and stores, which will help you to draw a mind map and stop you from getting lost. And the easiest solution to social skill loss is to take a break from electronic devices because we are social creatures. We need device-free time._3.阅读

29、下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Happy, angry, amazed these are some of the emotions we like to express these days when were sending a message on our smartphones! Thats why many of us now add little pictures to our texts to brighten up someones mobile screen but were also using them as a quick way of telling

30、 someone how were feeling. Yes, emojis have become a vital tool for communication.The emoji was first invented in Japan in the late 1990s and the word “emoji” comes from the Japanese words for “picture” and “character”. The number of different images has dramatically increased since then and now we

31、have a picture for every mood or situation.So now we have the option to give this new creation the visual “thumbs-up” but have you thought why weve become so addicted to using emojis? Professor Vyv Evans has written a book called The Emoji Code. He says, “Increasingly, what were finding is that digi

32、tal communication is taking over from certain aspects of face-to-face interaction. One of the reasons emojis are so interesting is that they really do enable us to express our emotional selves much more effectively.” So emojis are a sort of replacement for the visual signals or non-verbal clues we n

33、ormally give when we speak to someone face-to-face.Another advantage of emojis is that they are an international language they dont use words but tell a message in the form of pictures so they can be easily understood whatever your native language is. However, the emojis you send need some thought a

34、s they can sometimes be misunderstood if a friend sends you an emoji of a hammer, you may think he is angry when really he is saying he has hurt himself or he is clumsy!Emojis are a good way for showing common emotions. But as linguist Neil Cohn says, “To many, emojis are an exciting development of

35、the way we communicate; To others, they are extinction of language.” It does show there is a lot more to our communication than words alone but does this mean the decline in traditional writing?_4.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Why is the worlds population growing？The answer is not what you might think.T

36、he reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits，but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies.In 1900，people died at the average age of 30.By 2000 the average age was 65.But while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century，declining birth ra

37、te could be a defining one of the 21st.Statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.Furthermore，around 50% of the worlds population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e.2.1 births per woman) and

38、 almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate.You might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the worlds people now live in such nations)，but youd be wrong.Declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too，which

39、 might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.A great decline in young work force is likely to occur in China，for instance.What does it imply？First，China needs to undergo rapid economic development before a population decline hits the country.Second，if other factors s

40、uch as technology remain constant，economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.Russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise.Since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of

41、those being born by a massive 50%.Indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in Russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961.Why is this occurring？Nobody is quite sure，but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it.If current tre

42、nds dont bend，Russias population will be about the size of Yemens by the year 2050.In the north of India，the population is booming due to high birth rates，but in the south，where most economic development is taking place，birth rate is falling rapidly.In a further twist，birth rate is highest in poorly

43、 educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas.In total,25% of Indias working-age population has no education.In 2030，a sixth of the countrys potential work force could be totally uneducated.One solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration.As for the USA，it is alm

44、ost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 20102030.Moreover，the USA has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.As a result its likely to see a rise in the size of its working-age population and to witness strong economic growth over t

45、he longer term._5.阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Online schools are becoming very popular today. Whether it is working professionals who cannot afford the time to go to a full-time college because of their huge workload or stay-at-home mums who have many duties and cannot join in a college, online schools are much enjoyed at all. And now, even regular students, who have the time to go to college, are going in for online education, a