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1、专题 03 语言知识2019 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲 (英语)中有关语言知识的要求: 要求考生掌握并能运用英语语音、词汇、语法基础知识以及所学功能意念和话题,要求词汇量为 3500 左右。【解读】高 考 试 卷 对 语 言 知 识 的 考 查 主 要 体 现 于 完 形 填 空 和 语 法 填 空 。核心语法,构建网络,不纠缠“偏难怪”词法、句法、章法是语法的灵魂,对于这三个要素要形成体系,不要支离破碎地学习,尽量掌握核心内容,不要把重心放在“偏难怪”且有争议的语法现象上。可以制作一个语法知识本,以梳理核心语法知识,形成自己的知识网络,进而提升借助语法进行阅读和写作的能力。如牢记常
2、见的不可数名词,如 advice, equipment, evidence, fun, furniture, information, luck, news, luggage/baggage, progress 等牢记核心的词形变化,如 warmwarmth, argueargument, strongstrength, justjustice, unjustinjustice, explainexplanation 等。题型 1 完形填空三年新课标卷完形填空试题分析年份 试卷类型 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布新课标卷 I 夹叙夹议文 271 讲述了我在大二学的免费课程下棋及对我生活的指导意义动
3、词 9 名词 7形容词 3 副词 1新课标卷 II 记叙文 277 讲述了作者 13 年后和儿子见面的情景动词 9 名词 3形容词 5 副词 2介词 12018 年新课标卷III记叙文 271 Dennis Williams 认真对待陌生人的信息,使陌生人倍受感动的故事动词 10 名词 6形容词 4 新课标卷 I 记叙文 251 学习美式手语的经历和感受 名词 5 动词 10形容词 4 副词 12017 年新课标卷 II 记叙文 266 作者自己的学生 Feddy 的性格特征及多年后的生活、工作状况名词 8 动词 9形容词 3新课标卷III记叙文 271 一个加拿大青年在和女朋友分手后,希望免
4、费赠送自己为女朋友购买的环球航空旅行机票的故事,体现了年轻人无私的精神名词:7 个动词:9 个形容词:4 个新课标卷 I 记叙文 253 讲述了司机 Larry 在路上遇到着火的汽车,积极救人的故事。动词 7 名词 4形容词 3 副词 1 连词 2 介词短语 2代词 1新课标卷 II 夹叙夹议文 262 作者通过自身的经历总结出,电话中的感受有时与现实生活中的感受不一致,因为像微笑这样无声的信号无法通过电话传播。动词 6 名词 4形容词 5 副词 3 介词短语 2 2016 年新课标卷III记叙文 276 作者通过刻苦训练,最终实现了成为足球队明星球员的目标。动词 8 名词 4 形容词 5 副
5、词 1连词 1 代词 1全国卷对完形填空的考查,近几年来一直以记叙文和夹叙夹议文为主,以说明文和议论文为辅,2018年全国卷 II 和全国卷的完形填空就选用了记叙文,全国卷 I 采用了夹叙夹议文。从选材到试题的设置都呈现出“稳中有变”的特点:1. 题材相对稳定:文章的选材都是中学生熟悉的话题,能够传递正能量,弘扬社会主义核心价值观,读后能给考生带来心灵的启迪。且文章大多原汁原味,语言地道,注重思想性和教育性,具有积极的教育意义,体现出了课程标准中对培养学生的情感、态度和价值观的要求。2. 文章短小精悍:完形填空的文章长度一般为 250 词左右,结构完整,脉络清晰,难度适中,全文设置20个空格,
6、要求考生根据文章的整体内容,从层次结构和上下文的逻辑关系方面选择符合文章情节的选项,很少涉及纯语法知识试题。3. 稳定中有变化:近几年高考完形填空在选项的设置上,打破了传统的四个选项类别一致的命题规律。如2015 年全国卷的第 44 题的四个选项中,有两个以-ly 结尾的副词,另外两个副词为 outside 和by;2016年全国卷的第 52 题的四个选项中设置了三个形容词和一个副词,第 47 题和第 54 题的四个选项均由两个动词及两个动词词组构成,第 59 题把两个动词及两个介词短语设置为一组选项。此外,2016 年增加了对代词的考查,考生备考时需要注意。预计 2019 年高考完形填空选项
7、的设置仍然会保持这一命题特征,考生在做题时要灵活变通。总之,备考时考生应把握考查方向,加强语篇意识,从宏观和微观两个层面解读文本,理清文章脉络。平时考生还应注重对常考体裁、题材的训练。 【样题 1】记叙文(2018新课标全国卷 II)Two weeks earlier, my son, Ben, had got in touch. Hed moved to England with his mum when he was three and it had been 13 years since Id 41 seen him. So imagine my 42 when he emailed m
8、e saying he wanted to come to visit me.I was 43 ! I arrived early at Byron Bay where we were supposed to 44 . The bay was 45 in sunshine, and there was a group of kayakers around 150m off the shore. Getting a little 46 , I realized one kayak(皮划艇) was in 47 . Somethings not 48 ! I took off my T-shirt
9、 and 49 into the water. I saw there were two instructors on board and a man lying across the middle. He was 50 violently. Linking arms with one of the instructors. I helped 51 the young man out of the water. He was unconscious and as I looked at his face, something 52 to me. Those brown eyes were ve
10、ry 53 . Whats his name? I asked the instructor. Ben, he replied, and immediately I 54 . That stranger was my son!The instructors called for an ambulance. 55 , after a brief stay in hospital, Ben was well enough to be allowed to 56 and later the family met up for dinner. We chatted about everything a
11、nd then Ben 57 to me. I just want to say thank you, he said. You 58 my life!I still cant believe what a 59 it was. Im just so glad I was there 60 to help my son.41. A. also B. often C. even D. last42. A. delight B. relief C. anger D. worry43. A. scared B. shocked C. thrilled D. ashamed44. A. talk B.
12、 stay C. meet D. settle45. A. bathed B. clean C. deep D. formed46. A. faster B. closer C. heavier D. wiser47. A. trouble B. advance C. question D. battle48. A. real B. right C. fair D. fit49. A. stared B. sank C. dived D. fell50. A. arguing B. fighting C. shouting D. shaking51. A. lead B. persuade C
13、. carry D. keep52. A. happened B. occurred C. applied D. appealed53. A. sharp B. pleasant C. attractive D. familiar54. A. agreed B. hesitated C. doubted D. knew55. A. Fortunately B. Frankly C. Sadly D. Suddenly56. A. return B. relax C. speak D. leave57. A. joked B. turned C. listened D. pointed58. A
14、. created B. honored C. saved D. guided59. A. coincidence B. change C. pity D. pain60. A. on board B. in time C. for sure D. on purpose【文章大意】这是一篇记叙文。讲述了作者 13 年后和儿子见面的情景。在和儿子见面的地点,作者救了一个年轻人,没有想到的是,年轻人竟然是自己 13 年未见的儿子。43.C 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据第一段可知,作者 13 年没有见到自己的儿子,突然收到儿子要来拜访自己的电子邮件,肯定是欣喜若狂。A. scared 惊恐的;B
15、. shocked 震惊的;C. thrilled 欣喜若狂的;D. ashamed 惭愧的。故选 C 项切题。44.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据空前可知,我很早就到了拜伦湾,我们应该在那里见面。A. talk 谈话;B. stay 停留; C. meet 见面;D. settle 解决。故选 C 项切题。45.A 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据上下文可知,早晨海湾应该是沐浴在阳光里。A. bathed 沐浴;B. clean 清扫;C. deep 深处;D. formed 形成。故选 A 项切题。46.B 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据常识和下文儿子出现意外情况可知,只有是离的比较
16、近一点,才能意识到一只皮划艇出现意外。A. faster 迅速的;B. closer 靠近,逼近(其他船只等);C. heavier 重的,沉重的;D. wiser 有智慧的;聪明的。故选 B 项切题。47.A 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。根据下文儿子出现意外情况可知,一只皮筏艇处于麻烦之中。A. trouble 麻烦,困难;B. advance 前进,进展;C. question 问题,疑问;D. battle 战斗,战役。故选 A 项切题。48.B 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据上句皮划艇处于麻烦之中可知,某件事不正常。A. real 真实的;B. right 正确的,正常的;C. fai
17、r 公平的;D. fit 合适的。故选 B 项切题。50.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据上文 a man lying across the middle 和下文 He was unconscious 可知,应该是剧烈的颤抖、摇动。A. arguing 争论,辩论;B. fighting 打架;C. shouting 呼喊;D. shaking 摇动。故选 D 项切题。51.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。我帮助把年轻人带出水面。A. lead 领导,引导,带领;B. persuade说服,劝服;C. carry 搬运,装运;D. keep 保持;保存,保留;故选 C 项切题。52.B 【解析
18、】考查动词词义辨析。根据句意可知,当我看着他的脸时,我想到了一些事情。occur 跟 to短语时,表示“想到” ,而不是“发生” ,happen 后接不定式,是“碰巧“的意思。故选 B 项切题。53.D 【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。根据下文, “Whats his name?”可知,他棕色的眼睛对我来说是很熟悉的。A. sharp 锐利的;锋利的;B. pleasant 愉快的,快乐的,舒适的;C. attractive 有吸引力的;引人注目的;D. familiar 亲密的,熟悉的。故选 D 项切题。54.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据下文“That stranger was my so
19、n”可知,我马上就知道。A. agreed 同意,赞成,承认,答应;B. hesitated 犹豫,踌躇;C. doubted 怀疑;疑惑;D. knew知道,了解。故选 D 项切题。55.A 【解析】考查副词词义辨析。根据空后句子可知,应该是幸运地。A. Fortunately 幸运地,侥幸地;B. Frankly 率直地,坦白地,真诚地;C. Sadly 悲哀地,悲伤地;D. Suddenly 突然地,忽然地;故选 A 项切题。56.D 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据空前 was well enough 可知,应该是被允许出院。A. return 返回;报答;B. relax 放松,休息;
20、C. speak 说;D. leave 离开。故选 D 项切题。57.B 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据下文“I just want to say thank you”可知,Ben 转向我向我说谢谢。A. joked 开玩笑;B. turned 转向;C. listened 听;D. pointed 指出。故选 B 项切题。58.C 【解析】考查动词词义辨析。根据上文“I helped carry the man out of the water”可知,应该是挽救了我的生命。A. created 创造;创作;B. honored 尊敬;尊重;给与荣誉;C. saved 救,拯救;D. guid
21、ed 指导,指挥;故选 C 项切题。【样题 2】夹叙夹议文(2018新课标全国卷)阅读下面短文,从短文后各题所给的 A、B、C 和 D 四个选项中,选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。During my second year at the city college, I was told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits. I 41 the idea of taking the class because, after all, w
22、ho doesnt want to 42 a few dollars? More than that, Id always wanted to learn chess. And, even if I werent 43 enough about free credits, news about our 44 was appealing enough to me. He was an international grandmaster, which 45 I would be learning from one of the games 46 . I could hardly wait to 4
23、7 him.Maurice Ashley was kind and smart, a former graduate returning to teach, and this 48 was no game for him; he meant business. In his introduction, he made it 49 that our credits would be hard-earned. In order to 50 the class, among other criteria, we had to write a paper on how we plan to 51 wh
24、at we would learn in class to our future professions and, 52 , to our lives. I managed to get an A in that 53 and learned life lessons that have served me well beyond the 54 .Ten years after my chess class with Ashley, Im still putting to use what he 55 me: “The absolute most important 56 that you l
25、earn when you play chess is how to make good 57 . On every single move you have to 58 a situation, process what your opponent (对手) is doing and 59 the best move from among all your options.” These words still ring true today in my 60 as a journalist. 41. A. put forward B. jumped at C. tried out D. t
26、urned down42. A. waste B. earn C. save D. pay43. A. excited B. worried C. moved D. tired44. A. title B. competitor C. textbook D. instructor 45. A. urged B. demanded C. held D. meant46. A. fastest B. easiest C. best D. rarest47. A. interview B. meet C. challenge D. beat48. A. chance B. qualification
27、 C. honor D. job49. A. real B. perfect C. clear D. possible50. A. attend B. pass C. skip D. observe51. A. add B. expose C. apply D. compare52. A. eventually B. naturally C. directly D. normally53. A. game B. presentation C. course D. experiment54. A. criterion B. classroom C. department D. situation
28、55. A. taught B. wrote C. questioned D. promised56. A. fact B. step C. manner D. skill57. A. grades B. decisions C. impressions D. comments58. A. analyze B. describe C. rebuild D. control59. A. announce B. signal C. block D. evaluate60. A. role B. desire C. concern D. behavior【文章大意】本文是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。文章讲述
29、了我在大二学的免费课程下棋及它对我生活的指导意义。42.C 【解析】考查动词辨析。我在大二时,学校教育处提供一种名叫思维象棋的免费课程,这个课程 3个 题型 2 语法填空20162018 年高考新课标全国卷语法填空考点统计年份 试卷类型 体裁 词数 话题 考点分布新课标卷 I 说明文 196 跑步的好处,它可以帮助人们延年益寿61.副词的级 62. 不定式 63.动名词64.时态 65.比较句型 66.定语从句67.名词数 68. 词形变化69.词形变化。70.代词或名词新课标卷 II 说明文 208 中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名人士的认可61.时态 62. 冠
30、词 63. 副词 64. 非谓语动词 65. 连词 66. 词性转换67.词性转换 68. 时态 69. 定语从句 70. 省略句2018 年新课标卷III记叙文 193 在中非偶遇大猩猩,彼此惊恐的经历61.宾语从句 62.冠词 63.最高级64. 动词 65. 非谓语 66. 名词67. 动词短语 68. 代词 69. 时态70. 非谓语2017 年新课标卷 I 说明文 223 低脂肪、低盐的饮食趋势及其对人们健康的影响61. 介词 62. 名词的数 63. 非谓语动词 64. 谓语动词 65. 冠词 66. 比较级 67. 主谓一致 68. 非谓语动词69. 形容词 70. 定语从句新课
31、标卷 II 说明文 201 世界第一个地铁的形成和发展61.名词的数 62.介词 63.非谓语动词 64.冠词 65.被动语态 66.副词67.代词 68. 时态 69. 名词 70. 形容词新课标卷III说明文 215 Sarah Thomas 在学业和诱人的职业面前所做出的选择。61. 非谓语动词 62. 冠词 63.时态和语态 64. 定语从句 65. 非谓语动词66. 名词 67. 名词的数 68. 介词69. 动词时态 70. 副词新课标卷 I 记叙文 197 作者的成都之旅及其与大熊猫之间的故事61.名词 62.时态和语态 63.副词 64.介词 65.定语从句 66.非谓语 67
32、. 非谓语68.代词 69.复数 70.冠词新课标卷 II 说明文 192 缓解工作中的压力的一些方法61.形容词的比较级 62.词性转换63. 主谓一致和时态 64.介词 65.连词 66.名词复数 67. 词性转换 68.冠词69.非谓语动词 70.祈使句2016 年新课标卷III说明文 196 筷子的材质和中国使用筷子的历史及文化内涵【考情分析】从统计表可以看出,语法填空题主要考查考生对语法、词汇和语用知识的掌握情况。根据具体语境,借助词法、句法、特殊句式以及固定搭配进行考査,体现了考查实词为主,考查虚词为辅的命题原则。1.有提示词类试题比重大。表中统计表明,高考试题中语法填空题有提示词
33、类试题均占考查总量的 70%。2.动词为重中之重。谓语动词和非谓语动词用法为必考点。3.派生词用法为必考点。以上四套试题中语法填空题均考查了派生词的用法。4.考查特殊句式及固定搭配的用法。【高考预测】纵观近几年全国高考试题,预测 2018 年全国高考试题还会:1. 文体以记叙文、说明文为主;2. 上下文语境提示 34 个,单词基本形式提示 67 个;3. 侧重对词汇变形的考查。【样题】(2018全国新课标 II) 阅读下面短文,在空白处填入 1 个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。Diets have changed in China and so too has its top crop.
34、Since 2011,the country _61_(grow)more corn than rice. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over _62_ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.A taste for meat is _63_ (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle. Another
35、reason for corns rise: The government encourages farmers to grow corn instead of rice _64_ (improve) water quality. Corn uses less water _65_ rice and creates less fertilizer(化肥) runoff. This switch has decreased _66_ (pollute) in the countrys major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer
36、 for people.According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total _67_ (globe)fertilizer consumption. The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government _68_ (start) a soil-testing program _69_ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and
37、 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons. That prevented the emission(排放) of 51.8 million tons of carbon dioxide. Chinas approach to protecting its environment while _70_ (feed) its citizens “offers useful lessons for agriculture and food policymakers worldwide.“ says the banks Juergen Voeg
38、ele.【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了中国为保护环境在农作物种植上做了一些变化并得到了世界上的知名人士的认可。61. has grown 【解析】考查时态。since 加时间点,主句要用现在完成时。句意:2011 年以来,中国种植的玉米比水稻多。故填 has grown。63. actually 【解析】考查副词。句意:对肉的需求实际上是这种变化的背后原因。句子结构完整,用副词修饰句子。故填 actually。64. to improve【解析】考查非谓语动词。句意:为了改善水质政府鼓励农民种植玉米而不是大米。没有连词可以且谓语动词是 encourages,故 improve 应该用
39、非谓语动词。此处表示目的,故用不定式。故填 to improve。65. than【解析】考查连词。句意:玉米比大米使用的水更少。根据关键词 less 可知,填比较连词。故填 than。66. pollution【解析】考查词性转换。句意:这一转变减少了中国较大的湖泊和水库的污染,使人们的饮用水更加安全。has decreased 后跟名词作宾语,故填 pollution。67. global【解析】考查词性转换。句意:中国约占全球化肥总消费量的 30%。fertilizer consumption 是名词短语,故应该用形容词修饰。故填 global。68.started【解析】考查谓语动词。句意:在 2005 年政府开始了一项土壤测试项目。本句是 when 引导的定语从句,由于时间是 2005 年,故用过去时。故填 started。70. feeding【解析】考查省略句。句意:中国在养活了中国人民的同时又保护了环境。这一做法为全世界的农业和粮食政策制定人提供了很有用的经验。空格处表示正在进行的动作,while 后面省略掉了 China is,省略句的原则:在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、让步状语从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致且含有 be动词时,那么可以把主语和 be 动词一块省略。故填 feeding。
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