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1、聚焦考点温习理解一、动词的分类 动词是表示动作或状态的词,按其词义和在句子中的作用可分为行为动词,连系动词,助动词和情态动词四大类。(一)行为动词行为动词又称实义动词,本身有完 整的词义,能在句子中单独作谓语。行为动词可分为及物动词 (vt)和不及物动词(vi),及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,后跟宾语;不及物动词表示动作或状态,有完整的词义,能单独作谓语,但后面不能直接跟宾语,如要带宾语则与介词或副词构成短语。 如: More and more people study English.(vt) The students are listening to the teac
2、her carefully.(vi) (二)系动词连系动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,必须与表语一起构成谓语。常用的连系动词有 be, get, turn, become, look, feel, grow, seem, sound, taste, smell 等。 如: Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. It feels damp. (三)助动词助动词本身无词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词,表示否定,疑问及动词的时态、语态、人称和数等语法特征,助动词有 be,do,have,shall,will 等。 如
3、: How do you usually come to school? The children are playing yo-yo now.(四)情态动词情态动词本身有一定的意义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和主要动词原形一起构成谓语,表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。情态动词有 can (could),may(might),must, need, ought to, dare 等。 如: Can I help you? - Must we go now? No, you neednt . a. can 与 be able to 的用法有所区别。can 只用于一般现在时和过去时
4、,指本身有能力的“能”;be able to 用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能”。 b. must 与 have/has to 的用法。must 表示说话人主观认为“必须” ,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时;have/has to 表示客观需要,意为“不得不”,它可用于各种时态。 cneed 和dare 既可作情态动词也可作行为动词。 二、动词的基本形式英语中的大多数动词都有五种基本形式 它们是动词原形,一般现在时三单形式,现在分词,过去式和过去分词。(一)一般现在时第三人称单数形式的构成1. 一般在词后加 s。如:comes, spells, waits, talks, sees, dan
5、ces, trains 2. 在 s, x, sh, ch,结尾的词后加 es。如:watches, washes, wishes, finishes 3. 1)以辅音字母加 y 结尾的变 y 为 i 再加 es。如:study-studies, hurry-hurries, try- tries 2)以元音字母加 y 结尾的直接加 s。如:plays, says, stays, enjoys, buys 4. 以 o 结尾加 es。如:does, goes 5. 特殊的有:are-is, have-has (二)现在分词的构成 1. 一般在后加 ing。如:spell-spelling, s
6、ing-singing, see-seeing, train-training, play-playing, hurry-hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing 2. 以不发音 e 的结尾的去掉 e 再加 ing。如:dance-dancing, wake-waking, take-taking, practice-practicin g, write-writing, have-having 3. 以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母一个辅音字母(注意除开字母组合如 show showing, draw-drawing)要双写最后的辅音字母再加 i
7、ng。如: put-putting, run-running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning 4. 以 ie 结尾的变 ie 为 y 再加 ing。如:tie-tying, die-dying, lie-lying (三)规则动词的过去式和过去分词的形式是相同的。变化规则可速记为直、去、双、改四字诀。一般情况下在动词原形后直接加-ed。如:wanted,played。以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词,去掉 e 再加-ed。如:hoped,lived。重读闭音节单词需双写最后一个辅音字母再加-ed。 如: stopped。以辅音字母+y 结尾的
8、动词变 y 为 i,再加-ed。如:studied,worried。规则动词过去式和过去分词的读音也有规律可循。请记住:清后t,元浊d,t d之后读Id。清辅音p k f s F 等后,ed 要读t 。如:worked,finished。元音或浊辅音b g v z m等后,ed 要读d。如: lived,called 。t或d后,ed 读Id。如: started,needed。注意:不规则动词变化见书上附录,要逐一熟记。be 动词过去式有两种形式,主语是第一、三人称单数形式使用 was,其他人称用 were。来源(一)can 与 be able to 用来表示能力can 只用于一般现在时和过
9、去时,指本身有能力的“能”;be able to 用于各种时态均可,指须经过努力而“能” 。表示现在或过去一般能力时,两者可以互换。如:He can(is able to)speak Chinese。他会说汉语。He could(was able to)swim when he was nine。他九岁时就会游泳。(二)may(might)与 can (could) 用来表示许可表示许可时,在肯定句中 may 和 can 可以互换。may 比较正式,can 常用于口语中。在疑问句中,第一人称用 may 或 can,第二、三人称用 can。在回答它们引导的疑问句时,肯定回答可以用 yes,ple
10、ase;please do;certainly;of course 等表示客气,否定回答用no,please dont 等。为了使语气委婉,可用 might 代替 may,could 代替 can,但回答时不能用 might 或 could,而要用 may 和 can。表示制度规定的许可时,一般不用 may,而要用 can。May I .? 表示征求对方许可,否定回答一般用 mustnt,cant 或者 had better not。(三)must ,may 与 can 用来表示推测must 表示有把握的推测,常常译为“ 一定、准是、肯定”等,语气强烈。通常用于肯定句中,在否定句或疑问句中要用
11、 can 和 cant 代替。May 和 can 表示对没有把握的推测,常常译为“可能、或许、大概”等。May 用于肯定句中。在疑问句或否定句中,一般用 can 代替 may。(四)must ,have to 与 shoul d 用来表示义务、职责或规劝Must 常译为“必须、应当”等,表示说话人主观上认为“必须”,只用于一般现在时和一般将来时。用于疑问句是征求对方的意见,在回答 must 引出的问句时,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用 neednt 或 dont have to,表示“不必,没有必要”。英语否定句中,表示禁止,不允许。have/has to 表示客观条件所逼迫,意为 “不得不
12、”,它可用于各种时态。Have to 的疑问式需用 do 引导,但回答时不用 do,肯定回答一般用 have to 或 must,否定回答用 dont have to 或 mustnt。should 常译为“应该”,表示一种义务。(五)need 用来表示必要need 作情态动词时,多用于否定句或疑问句中,表示“ 需要” 或“必要”。在疑问句中,肯定回答用 must,have to 或者 should。否定回答用 neednt。 (need 用于肯定句时,常作实义动词,有人称和数的变化) 。四、非谓语动词非谓语动词包括动词不定式、v-ing 形式和动词的过去分词。非谓语动词在句中不能单独作谓语,
13、不受主语的人称和数的限制。非谓语动词既有动词性质,又有非动词性质。非谓语动词的否定式都是在其前加 not 构成。动词不定式的被动式为 “to be + 过去分词”;v-ing 形式的被动式为“being + 过去分词”。非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词,形容词或副词作用的动词形式,而不是作谓语的动词形式。 动词的非谓语形式分为动名词,分词,动词不定式。 Climbing mountain is a good exercise. (Climbing., 动名词起名词作用) Do you know the man wearing a white shirt. (wearing 分词起形容词作用) He
14、 gets up early to catch the first bus. (to catch .不定式起副词作用)(一)动 词 不 定 式: I. 动词不定式的形式有两种:一种是带 to 的,另一种是不带 to 的。在句中起名词,形容词和副词的作用,可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。 1. 动词不定式作主语: To learn English is very important.但实际上不定式作主语常用 it 来作形式主语,而将真正的主语不定式放在后面。Its very kind of you to have given us so much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。
15、 2. 动词不定式作宾语: 某些及物动词可以用动词不定式作宾语,这些动词有 decide, begin, help, begin, want, wish, like, forget, learn, ask. I have decided to go to Beijing next week. 3. 动词不定式作宾语补语 。动词不定式作宾语补足语时,有时带 to,有时不带 to。常接带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词有 ask, tell, allow, want, wish 等;而在某些使役动词(如 make, have, let 等)和感官动词(如 hear, see, watch,
16、notice 等)后作宾语补足语的动词不定式通常不带 to,但当句子变为被动语态、动词不定式作主语补足语时,就要带 to。Please ask him to come here quickly.请叫他快过来。 ask, want, teach, tell, know, would like, allow 等动词后面接动词不定式作宾语补足语。 The policemen asked him to get off the bus. hear, see, look at, feel, watch, notice, listen to 等感官动词后接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。 We oft
17、en see Miss Li clean the classroom. let, make, have 这些使役动词后接不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语。但在被动语态中这些不带 to 的都须带上 to。 In those days the bosses often made the workers work day and night. 动词 help 接动词不定式作宾语补足语,可带 to 也可不带 to。 Can you help me (to) carry the heavy bag? 4. 动词不定式作表语 : My idea is to finish our homework at
18、 once. 5. 动词不定式作定语: 与被修饰词有动宾关系。如:I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。但如果不定式动词为不及物动词,后面的介词千万不要省略。 Maybe they have three rooms to live in. 与被修饰词有主谓关系。 Mr Liang is always the first to come and the last to leave. 与被修饰之间 只有修饰关系。 I have no time to play cards.6. 不定式作状语:动词不定式作状语,多表目的Ill go t
19、o meet my friend at the railway station. II.动词不定式的否定形式: not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 Its unfair not to tell us. 不告诉我们是不公平。 III.带疑问词的不定式:动词不定式与疑问词 who, what, which, when, how, where, whether 等连用,构成不定式短语,使含义更加具体。 。 I dont know when to begin. 我不知道什么时间开
20、始。 IV.带逻辑主语的不定式:动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语,构成方法是: for/of + 逻辑主语 + 不定式。不定式复合结构“for/of sb. to do sth” 作主语时, 常用“It is +adj+ for /of sb. to do sth”的句式。 若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的,如kind,good,nice,right ,wrong,clever,careless,polite,foolish 等,用 of sb.。若形容词仅仅是描述事物,不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价,用 for sb.,这类形容词有difficult,easy ,hard,impo
21、rtant,dangerous, (im )possible 等。如: Its very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我,真好。Its very dangerous for children to cross the busy street.对孩子们来说,穿过繁忙的街道很危险。注意:逻辑主语用宾格形式, for /of 本身无实际意义,它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。V.动词不定式的被动形式: 表示不定式动词同所修饰的名词是被动关系 。 There are much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。(二)动 名 词I.动名词是由动词原形
22、 + ing 构成,同现在分词形式一样,在句中可作主语, 宾语,表语和定语。 1) 动名词作主语: Learning from others is important . 2) 动名词作表语 Seeing is believing. 3) 动名词作宾语 Please stop smoking. 4) 动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. II.动名词的否定形式:not + 动名词 He pretend not knowing it at all. 他假装全然不知。 III.动名词的被动形式 : 当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时,用动名词的被动
23、形式来表示。His being looked down upon made him sick. 特别注意: (1) 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语,有些动词能跟不定式,有些两者都可以, 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。 . 有些动词或动词短语不能带不定式,只能接动词的-ing 形式。 如: enjoy, finish, keep, mind, be busy, go on, keep on, be worth, cant help practise, give up, look forward to 等。 如: The peasants are busy picking apples. Would
24、 you mind my opening the door? 有些动词或动词短语只能带不定式,不能接动词的-ing 形式。 want, afford, agree, decide, expect, hope, offer, plan,refuse, wish 等有些动词或动词短语既能带不定式,也能接动词的-ing 形式。接不定式表示动作的完整性,真实性;v-ing 形式 表示动作的连续性,进行性。 love, like, hate, prefer, dislike, begin, need, remember, forget, regret, try, start,1)动词后面跟动名词还是不定
25、式,含义不相同,总的来说,表示习惯的, 一般性的动作多跟动名词,一次性的具体的动作多跟不定式。 I like to go with you.我想和你一块儿去。 I like reading.He promised to help her. We love watching VCD. 2) remember, forget 后面跟动名词时,动名词表示过去的动作, 后面跟不定式时,不定式表示将来的动作。 I remember meeting him in the street. I remember to write a letter to my parents. 3) “stop + 动名词“表
26、示停止动名词所表示的动作, “stop + 不定式“表示停下来 做不定式所表示的动作。 They stopped to sing a song.(停止在做的工作而去做另一件工作) They stopped singing.(停止正在做的工作 )4) try to do 努力,企图做某事。try doing 试验,试着做某事。5) go on to do 做了一件事后,接着做另一件事。go on doing 继续做原来做的事。6) mean to do 打算、想mean doing 意味着(2) 动名词和分词的区别: 动名词作定语时,动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系,而分词作定语时, 分
27、词和它所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓关系。 reading text 阅读课文 动名词 developing country 发展中国家 分词a sleeping bag 睡袋 动名词 boiled water 开水 分词 (三)分 词 I.分词可分为现在分词和过去分词两种,分词是由动词 +ing 或 动词 + ed 构成,它在句中起形容词或副词的作用,可以作定语,表语,状语。动词 的过去分词所表示的动作常与其所修饰的词之间是被动关系。1.分词作定语 作定语的分词要放在被修饰的名词之前,如果是分词词组则放在被修饰的名词 之后, 如被修饰的名词是 something, anything, everyt
28、hing, nothing 等,分词放在被修饰名词的后面。Thats an interesting story.The boy hurt by the car was sent to the hospital immediately. There is nothing interesting. 没什么有趣的事。 分词和动名词都可以作定语,判断是分词还是动名词,可以根据它们和被修饰词有无逻辑上的主谓关系来判断, 有主谓关系的是分词, 否则判断为动名词。 a swimming girl 游泳的女孩。(分词) a swimming pool 游泳的池子 (动名词) 2.分词作状语 v-ing 形式作
29、状语,可表示原因、时间、伴随等。Being a student, he likes to help others. 3.分词作表语 The glass is broken. 4.分词作宾语补足语 可以跟宾语补足语的谓语动词有 see, watch, hear, set, keep, find, have, get 等词。 I saw him walking in the street. have 后面的宾语补足语用过去分词常表示动作不是句子的主语发出的,而是由别人做的。 I have my hair cut. 我理发了。(是别人给我理发) II.分词的否定形式。not + 分词 Not kno
30、wing what to do next, she stopped to wait. 不知道下一步干什么,她停下来等着。 Not having finished the homework, the little girl doesnt dare to go to school. 小女孩没完成作业不敢去学校。 容易混淆的常用动词的辨析(1) say, speak, talk, tell 的用法。1) say 表示讲话,作为及物动词使用,后跟宾语或宾语从句。Its time to leave. We have to say goodbye to you.2)speak 表示“讲话”,一般作为不及物
31、动词使用,而有时作为及物动词后面跟上各种语言作为宾语。Can you speak English?3) talk 表示“ 谈话” ,是不及物动词,与 to , about, with 等连用,才可以接宾语。What are you talking about?4) tell 表示“ 告诉,讲述”是及物动词,可以带双宾语或复合宾语。She told us an interesting story yesterday.(2) look, see, watch 和 watch 的用法。1) look 强 调“看” 这个动作,是不及物动词,常与 at 连用,然后接宾语。Look at the pict
32、ure carefully. 2) see 指 “看见 ”某物,强调的是结果。They cant see the words on the blackboard.3) watch 指的是“观看” , “注视”之意。The twins are watching TV now.4) read 指“看书”、 “看报” 、 “阅读”之意。Dont read in the sun.(3) borrow, lend 和 keep 的区别。1) borrow 意思为 “借入”,常常与 from 连用,是非延续性动词,表示瞬间即能完成的动作。Meimei borrowed a book from the li
33、brary just now.2) lend 是“借出”之意,常常与 to 连用,同 borrow 一样,是非延续性动词,只表示瞬间即能完成的动作。Uncle Wany has lent his car to Mr Li.3) keep 是“保存”的意思,动作可以延续。How long can the recorder be kept?(4) bring, take, carry 和 get 的用法。1) bring 意思为 “拿来”、 “带来”。指将某物或某人从别处“带来”。Bring me the book, please.2) take 意思是“拿走”, “带走”,把某物或某人从这里“带
34、来 ”或“拿到” 某处之意 。It looks like rain. Take a raincoat with you.3) carry 是“带着、搬运、携带”的意思,指随身携带,有背着、扛着、抱着、提着的含义,不表明来去的方向。The box is heavy. Can you carry it?4) get 是去某处将某物拿回来。There is no water in the bottle. Why not get some?(5) wear, put on 和 dress 的区别1) wear 是“穿着”“戴着”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽子、戴手套、佩戴首饰等,强调“ 穿着 ”
35、的状态。Tom always wears black shoes.2) put on 是“ 穿上”“戴上”的意思,可以用于穿衣服、穿鞋、戴帽等。着重于穿戴的动作。Its cold. Youd better put on your coat.3) dress 可以作及物动词和不及物动词,有“ 穿着”“打扮”的意思。作 “穿着”解时,只用于穿衣服,不用于穿鞋、戴帽、戴手套。作为及物 动词用时,它的宾语是人,不是衣服。dress sb. (给某人穿衣服) ,而 wear 作“穿着”用时,也是及物动词,但它的宾语是物,不是人,即 wear sth.(穿着衣物) 。She always dress es
36、 well.(6) take, spend 和 use 的用法。1) take 指做某事用多少时间,句型是:It takes/took/ will take + sb. +some time + to do sth.It took me three days to finish the work.2) spend 指某人在某事(物)上花费时间或钱。句型是:Someone spends + money/time + on something (in) doing sth.He didn t spend much time on his lessons.Mother spent her eveni
37、ngs (in) washing clothes.3) use 表示使用工具、手段等。Do you know how to use the computer?(7)reach, get 和 arrive 的区别。1) reach 是及物动词,后面要直接跟表示地点的名词作宾语。We reached the top of the mountain at last.2) get 是不及动词,常与 to 连用,再接名词,后面接表示地点的副词时,不用 to,get to常用于口语中。When the students got to the cinema, the film had begun.3) ar
38、rive 是不及物动词,表示到达一个小地方如车站、码头、村庄等时,用 arrive at, 到达一个 大地方如某国某城市等时用 arrive in。The soldiers arrived at a small villageThe foreigners will arrive in Shanghai tomorrow(8) win 与 beat 的区别win 是获胜之意,它是及物动词,但其后的宾语只能接比赛、战争、奖品、奖金的名称。Which team won the football match? beat 指打败对手、敌人。My brother beat me at poker. 打扑克
39、的时侯,我的哥哥把我打败了。名师点睛典例分类类型一、动词词义辨析【例 1】If you cant _English. You can _ it in Chinese.Aspeak; speak Bsay; say Csay; speak Dspeak; say【举一反三】1. Do you _ your stay in China, Jim?Yes, I have a good time here.Aknow Benjoy Cthink Dmake2. How much did your parents for the new car?Sorry, I dont know, but I thi
40、nk its very expensive.Atake Bcost Cpay Dspend3. His parents often tell him not to _ much time _ computer games.Atake; play Btake; playing Cspend; playing Dspend; to play类型二、动词短语辨析【例 2】 【2017 江苏扬州】 What do you think of the sofa? Not bad, but it may _ too much space of our living room.A. take up B. pu
41、t up C. open up D. make up【举一反三】1.【2017 甘肃省白银市中考】The boy likes planes very much and he often goes to see planes land and_.A. take care of B. take off C. take after D. take down2.【2017 广东省深圳市中考】My daughter will _ forA merica to study next monthYoull miss her very much Aset down Bset off Cset up3.【201
42、7 广东省深圳市中考】She got full marks in the math examHer parents were _ her Asatisfied with Btired of Cworried about类型三、情态动词的区分【例 3】Its very dangerous to look at the mobile phone when we walk across the street.Youre right. We _ be too careful while crossing the street.Amustnt Bmust Ccant Dcan【举一反三】1. -May
43、I take the book out of the reading room ?- No, you cant . you read it here. Please the rule .Awould ; use Bcant ; read Cmust ; follow2. Is the man over there Adam?It_be him.He has gone to Hong Kong on vacation.Amust Bcant C mustnt类型四、非谓语动词的使用【例 4】Mike is looking forward to _to China. He wants to vis
44、it Beijing.Acoming Bcome Ccomes Dcame【举一反三】来源:Zxxk.Com1. I have trouble _English. Could you help me with it?Sure.Alearn Blearns Clearning Dto learn2. She finally directed the film _her own novel.Abasing Bbasing on Cbased Dbased on3. Do you want _ the book? Its very interesting.Ato see Bwatch Cto rea
45、d Dreading类型五、系动词的区分【例 5】(2017山东青岛 11)These oranges look nice,but _ very sour.A. feel B. tasteC. sound D. look【举一反三】1. I often listen to the song Rainbow. So do I. It _ beautiful.Afeels Bsmells Csounds2. The idea to go to West Hill wonderful.Alooks Btastes Csounds 来源:ZXXK3. Do you like swimming in w
46、inter?Of course. The water a bit cold at first,but then I am warm and full of energy.Afeels Btastes Csmells Dlooks类型六、延续性动词和非延续性动词的区分【例 6】. The boy misses his parents very much. So he does. They _ the hometown for nearly two years.Ahave left Bhas left Chave been away from Dwill leave【举一反三】1. You hav
47、e a nice car. Thank you. I _ it for less than one month.A. bought B.have bou ght C. had D. have had2. Richard Gere _ a super model called Cindy Crawford in 1991, but they ended their marriage in 1995. Actually, they _ only for four years since they fell in love with each other.Awas married to; got married Bgot married to; have marriedC married; have been married Dgot married with; are married3. The astronaut is so tired that he _ for eleven hours.A. has been asleep B. has fallen asleep C. has gone to bed
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