2019年外研版英语选修8学案：Module 1 Section Ⅲ Grammar — 主语和动词

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1、Section_ Grammar 主语和动词语法图解探究发现Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.They call it AntiArktikos, or Antarctica .98% of the surface is covered permanently in the ice cap.To learn a foreign language well is not easy. Swimming is a good exercise.Whether he will come is doubtful.It is difficult to imag

2、ine a more inhospitable place.I hope to see you soon.He came in and sat down.The student went pale when he saw the teacher.I can easily tell my fathers step.We hadnt walked far when we lost our way.我的发现(1)句中的黑体部分在句中均作主语。(2)由句可知，不定式、动词ing 形式、从句作主语时谓语动词通常要用 单数形式。(3)句中用 it 作形式主语。(4)句中，黑体部分均为动词，且句中的动词可直

3、接作谓语，而句中的黑体部分不能单独作谓语。一、主语主语是句子的主体，是要说明的人或物；主语是相对谓语而言的，谓语说明主语的情况、提供新的信息。英语句子的语序一般是主语位于谓语之前，但也有主谓倒装的现象。名词、代词、数词、the形容词、不定式、动词ing 形式、从句等都可以作句子的主语。1名词作主语Friends are gifts you give yourself.朋友是你送给自己的礼物。2代词作主语She needs time to get used to the new life.她需要时间来适应新的生活。3数词作主语Onethird of the students have finis

4、hed their homework while the others havent.三分之一的学生已经完成了作业，而其他人还没有完成。The first to come was a handsome young man.第一个到来的是一位英俊的年轻人。4 “the形容词”作主语The rich often look down on the poor.富人经常看不起穷人。The wounded were taken to the hospital immediately.伤员被立刻送到医院里。5不定式作主语To learn a foreign language well is not so d

5、ifficult as you think.学好一门外语并不像你想象的那么难。6动词ing 形式作主语Smoking does harm to the health.吸烟的确有害健康。7从句作主语Whether he will come is doubtful.他是否会来还不知道。When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.我们什么时间进行英语测试仍然没有确定下来。名师点津 不定式、动词ing 形式及从句作主语时，常用 it 作形式主语，且 it 常置于句首。It cost me twenty yuan

6、to buy the dictionary.我花了 20 元钱买这本词典。It is no use talking to him he wont listen to you.跟他谈话没用他不会听你的。It is a pity that he cant swim.他不会游泳真遗憾。即时演练 1 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空The children (child) are playing on the swings in the park.In my opinion, swimming (swim) is more difficult than anything else.Each of us (

7、we) is different. Threefourths (threefourth) of the surface of the earth is sea.To_teach (teach) the three children is my job this afternoon.(2)完成句子What_he_said_at_the_meeting (他在会议上说的话) left a deep impression on me.Drinking_a_cup_of_wine (喝杯葡萄酒) can make me feel relaxed.It is difficult to_learn_Eng

8、lish_well (学好英语) if you dont work hard.二、动词1动词的概念动词是表示动作、状态或性质等的词，在句子中作谓语，是句子不可缺少的部分，用来说明主语是什么，处于什么状态或做什么。动词具有人称和数、时态和语态的变化。2动词的分类(1)按句法功能分及物动词 在句子中作谓语，后面需要跟宾语实义动词不及物动词 在句子中作谓语，后面不跟宾语助动词不独立作谓语，与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态、语气、否定、疑问等结构系动词 有实义但不独立作谓语，一般与表语一起作复合谓语限定动词情态动词 有实义但不单独作谓语，表示说话人的语气、态度等不定式非限定动词 动词ing 形式在句子

9、中可作主语、宾语、状语、定语、补语、表语等成分动词ed 形式 在句子中作表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等He described the amazing things he saw in China such as paper money and black stone that burned (coal)他描述了他在中国看到的令人吃惊的东西，比如纸币和可燃烧的黑石头(煤) 。He didnt appear at the party yesterday.他昨天没在晚会上出现。When spring comes, the weather gets warmer and the days get l

10、onger.春天来了，天气变暖，白天变长。As students, you must study hard.作为学生，你们必须努力学习。Its too difficult for him to master English in such a short time.他在这么短的时间内掌握英语太难了。We caught him smoking in the classroom.我们发现他在教室内吸烟。Seen from the plane, the Antarctic looks very beautiful.从飞机上看，南极洲非常美丽。(2)按意义分延续性动词 能持续一段时间的动词，如 lea

11、rn, live, work 等动态动词非延续性动词不能持续，瞬间发生的动词，如 open, leave, see 等静态动词 stand, remain, like, think, sleep, lie 等I stayed two weeks at the seaside.我在海边待了两个星期。I saw her at the post office a moment ago.我刚才看见她在邮局。名师点津 非延续性动词常与表示时间点的时间状语连用，若用于否定句，则可以和表示一段时间的状语连用；而延续性动词可与表示一段时间的状语连用。即时演练 2 (1)完成句子(2016天津高考改编)Im g

12、oing to take_advantage_of_this_tour to explore the history of the castle.我将利用这次旅行来探索这座城堡的历史。After graduation, she_turned_nurse.毕业后她成了护士。He has _worked_in_the_factory since last year.从去年开始，他就在工厂里工作。He arrived too late and didnt_catch/missed_the_train.他到得太晚，没赶上火车。(2)单句改错She has got married for 3 years

13、.gotbeen_She was proved very honest.去掉 was_Never he seen such a beautiful sight.Never 后加 has.单句语法填空1(2017全国卷)Later, engineers managed (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道 ), which became known as the Tube.2(2017全国卷)My dad thinks I should take the offer now. But at the momen

14、t, school comes (come) first.3(2017天津高考改编)I was_driving (drive) down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.4(2017江苏高考改编)He hurried home, never once looking back to see if he was_being_followed (follow)5(2016浙江高考)Silk had_become (become) one of the primary goods traded along th

15、e Silk Road by about 100 BC.6I think it is necessary to_learn (learn) science.7Listening (listen) to music can relax our brains.8When and where to_build (build) the new factory has not been decided yet.9Some of them are (be) red and others are brown.10Its a waste of money buying (buy) such things yo

16、u dont really need.完成句子1(2017浙江高考写作)The _purpose_of_my_writing is to tell you that there will be an outing for us these days.我写信的目的是想告诉你最近我们有一次郊游。2(2016全国卷书面表达)Whats more, doing_the_parttime_job_can_let_me gain some precious experience and help me better adapt to the development and changes of socie

17、ty.此外，做兼职可以让我获得宝贵的经验，并且帮助我更好地适应社会的发展与变化。3(2015四川高考满分作文)In addition, I have_volunteered_to_help two exchange students with their Mandarin learning during the past two years.此外，在过去的两年里，我曾志愿帮助两名交换生学习普通话。4(2015陕西高考满分作文)Thirdly, through this interesting job, I can_improve_my_English in speaking and writi

18、ng quickly.第三，通过这个有趣的工作，我可以迅速提高我的英语口语和写作水平。5(2015广东高考满分作文)Finally they will_become_active_learners rather than passive ones.最后，他们将成为积极的学习者，而不是被动的学习者。6Secondly, people_here_like_the _food composed mainly by wheat flour. 其次，这里的人喜欢主要含面粉的食物。.短文改错There was my birthday last Sunday. A big party held for me

19、 at home. Some of my friend came to my home bringing us different kinds of gifts, such as books, cards, flowers, and so on. My parents spent over two hours prepared a special dinner. After dinner, we had a wonderfully party in the living room, at which my parents and friends said “Happy birthday” to

20、 me. All of us had a great fun in eating, drinking, singing or dancing. Of course I enjoy the birthday cake and noodles according to Chinese tradition. Finally I expressed my thanks to my parents in return to their love.答案：第一句：ThereIt第二句：party 后加 was第三句：friendfriends; usme第四句：preparedpreparing第五句：wonderfullywonderful第六句：去掉 a; orand第七句：enjoyenjoyed第八句：第二个 tofor