2019年外研版英语选修8学案：Module 4 Section Ⅰ

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1、There are many evolving regional British and American accents, so the terms“British accent” and “American accent” are too simple. What many Americans think of as the typical “British accent” is Received Pronunciation (RP), also known as BBC English. What most people think of as an “American accent”，

2、 or most Americans think of as “no accent”， is the General American (GenAm) accent.English colonists arrived in America in 1607. By the time we had recordings of both the Americans and the British, the sounds of English spoken in the Old World and New World were quite different. Were looking at a si

3、lent gap of about 300 years, so we cant say exactly when Americans first started to sound noticeably different from the British.One big difference in the accents is that the General American accent is rhotic (发 r 音的)and speakers pronounce the “r” in words. The BBCtype British accent is nonrhotic, an

4、d speakers dont pronounce the “r”， leaving “hard” sounding more like “hahd”. Before and during the American Revolution, the English, both in England and in the colonies, mostly spoke with a rhotic accent.Around the turn of the 19th century, not long after the revolution, nonrhotic speech took off in

5、 southern England, especially among the upper and uppermiddle classes. It was a signifier of class and status. Because the British accent was easy to understand, it spread across England and the empire. With language changing quickly, the General American accent is now hard to find in this region. W

6、ith New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Chicago developing their own unique accents, GenAm now generally exists in a small section of the Midwest of America.Of course, there are regional exceptions to both these general American and British sounds. Some of the accents of southeastern England, pl

7、us the accents of Scotland and Ireland, are rhotic. Some areas of the American Southeast, plus Boston, are nonrhotic.Section_ Introduction so that 引导结果状语从句。 58 link/lIk/n.联系 rhythm/rIm/n.节奏；韵律 59 60 in the 1980s 在 20 世纪 80 年代 61 population n人口，居民 62 population 作主语，强调整体时，谓语动词用单数，强调个体时，谓语动词用复数。表示人口的多少

8、用 large 或 small，而不用 many 或 few；对 population 的数量提问用 what。bilingual/baIlIwl/adj.双语的，会讲两种语言的 63 bi是前缀，意为“二，两倍”。 while 而，表示对比。 64 end with 以 结束 begin with 以开始 65 in particular 特别，尤其(particularly) 66 debate/dIbeIt/n.讨论；辩论 67 lively/heated/widespread/public debate 热烈的讨论/激烈的争论/广泛的讨论/公开的辩论which 引导非限制性定语从句。

9、68 过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰 the Speak Good English Movement。 69 第 67 段译文牙买加和新加坡澳大利亚英语直接源于英国英语。但是在其他将英语作为第一语言的国家，却不是这样。牙买加以及其他加勒比海沿岸国家的英语变体就有非洲语言的一些语法特征，牙买加人的祖辈们使用的就是这些非洲语言，所以他们的英语中经常没有表示所有格的撇号以及ss that woman house，而不是 that womans house，没有连系动词和冠词He good man，而不是 Hes a good man。另外一个特点就是节奏。其语言的节奏就像是 20 世纪 80 年代在美

10、国流行的说唱音乐。而在地球的另一端新加坡，英语作为第二语言在被大约一半的人口使用着。其他语言有马来语以及汉语。新加坡几乎每一个人都会说两种语言，有些人甚至会说三到四种语言。这里最常见的英语变体被称为 Singlish 新加坡式英语 。新加坡式英语中的句子通常是以 lah 一词结尾。此种语言变体在语法特征以及词汇方面尤其受到马来语以及汉语中一种叫作 Hokkien 即客家话。闽南地区使用 的方言的影响。如今在新加坡还有一个关于哪种英语变体最好的争论：是新加坡式英语还是一种更接近于英式英语的变体，这也是 1999年开始开展的“讲好英语活动”的目的。PrereadingPlease match th

11、e words with their proper meanings.1instantly Ato discuss sth., especially formally2matter Bbeing the only one of its kind3count Ca small sign that shows that someone or something was present or existed4trace Dto be important5unique E to be important or have an important effect on sb./sth.6debate Fi

12、mmediately16 _答案：16 FEDCBALeadin1We have learnt English for at least six years. Do you know in which countries people speak English？ The following pictures can help you.England America Canada AustraliaNew_Zealand South _Africa 2Are the Englishes in those countries the same?No.There_are_American_Engl

13、ish_and_British_English.WhilereadingFastreadingSkim the passage and match the paragraphs with their main ideas.1Para. 1 AThe features of Jamaican English2Para. 2 BThe features of Singlish3Para. 3 CHow the Australian English appeared4Para. 4 DThe problem on the standard form ofEnglish5Para. 5 EVariet

14、ies of English6Para. 6 FDifferences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary7Para. 7 G Differences between Australian English and other varieties of English答案：17 EFDCGABCarefulreadingChoose the best answers according to the passage.1According to the writer, you can know who it is when someone phones

15、 you because _.Athis persons voice is different from othersBthis person uses different words from othersCeither A or BDboth A and B2Which of the following is NOT true according to Paragraph 2?AEnglish spoken by people in different areas sounds different.BBritish English and American English are simi

16、lar.CYou can tell which part of the Englishspeaking world a person comes from by his accent.D. English pronunciation，grammar and vocabulary can change quickly from place to place.3There are different Englishes in the world. But it is impossible to tell which English is correct because _.Amost people

17、 dont agree that there is a right way to speak EnglishB. the development of English has produced many different EnglishesCEnglish is widely spoken and it is impossible to provide a model to followDpeople only pay attention to how they can communicate4It is NOT mentioned in the passage that Australia

18、 is a country _.Awhere British government once sent its prisoners to workBwhich is one of the youngest nations in the worldCwhose English is sometimes hard to understand for people from other Englishspeaking countriesDwhere there are unusual plants and animals5In the last part of the text, the write

19、r mainly wants to tell us that _.Athe English spoken in a certain country is influenced by the mother tongue of the speakersBJamaica English has features of some African languagesCmany people in Singapore are bilingualDJamaica English and Singapore English are quite different to British English答案：15

20、 DBCDAStudyreadingAnalyze the following difficult sentences in the passage.1Although most people believe there is a right and a wrong way to speak English, there is not really a standard form that everyone can agree on.句式分析尝试翻译 尽管大多数人都认为说英语的方式有正确与错误之分，但是确实没有一种人人都认同的标准模式。2Professors of linguistics, w

21、riters and teachers all worry about providing a perfect model to follow but as it is so widely spoken, it has become impossible to say which English is “correct” and which is “incorrect”句式分析 本句由 but 连接一个简单句和一个复合句；并列连词 but 后是 as 引导的原因状语从句，主句中形式主语 it 代替后面的不定式 to say which English is “correct” and whic

22、h is “incorrect”作主语。尝试翻译 语言学教授、作家以及教师都在为提供一种完美的模式而忧虑，但是，由于英语使用如此之广，要想说出哪种英语正确和哪种英语错误已经变得不可能。.阅读理解AAustralian English began separating from British English shortly after the foundation of the Australian penal colony (罪犯流放地) of New South Wales in 1788. British convicts sent there, including cockneys (

23、伦敦东区的人) from London, came mostly from large English cities. They were joined by free settlers, military personnel and officials, often with their families. However, many of the convicts were Irish, with at least 25% directly from Ireland, and others indirectly via Britain. There were other populatio

24、ns of convicts from nonEnglish speaking areas of Britain, such as the Welsh and Scots. The transportation of convicts to Australia ended in 1868, but immigration of free settlers from Britain. Ireland and elsewhere continued.The earliest form of Australian English was first spoken by the children of

25、 the colonists born into the colony of New South Wales. This very first generation of children created a new dialect that was to become the language of the nation. The Australianborn children in the new colony were exposed to a wide range of different dialects from all over the British Isles, in par

26、ticular from Ireland and the southeastern part of England.The nativeborn children of the colony created the new dialect from factors present in the speech they heard around them, and provided a way for the expression of peer solidarity (一致). Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was stron

27、g enough to turn away from the influence of other patterns of speech.Records from the early 19th century indicated the distinctive dialect had appeared in the colony since the first settlement. In 1827 Peter Cunningham, in his book Two Years in New South Wales, described that the nativeborn colonist

28、s spoke with a distinctive accent and vocabulary, with a strong London influence. Anthony Burgess wrote that “Australian English may be thought of as a kind of fossilised (僵化的 ) cockney (伦敦腔) of the Dickensian era”语 篇 解 读 ：本 文 是 一 篇 说 明 文 。介 绍 澳 大 利 亚 英 语 的 形 成 过 程 。1Who didnt go to Australia with t

29、he convicts?AMiners. BSoldiers.COfficials. DFree settlers.解析：选 A 细节理解题。从第一段第三句可知，随着囚犯到澳大利亚去的人中没有矿工。2Who created the earliest form of Australian English?AConvicts sent to Australia.BFree settlers into Australia.CThe nativeborn children of the colony.DPeople from Ireland and the southeastern part of E

30、ngland.解析：选 C 细节理解题。从第二段可知，在澳大利亚出生的孩子说话不同于自己的父母，是他们创造了最初的澳大利亚英语。3We can learn from the last paragraph that Australian English _.Ahad no identity of its ownBwas formed before the Dickensian eraCwas quite different from British EnglishDwas greatly influenced by London accent解析：选 D 推理判断题。分析最后一段可知，两位作者认

31、为澳大利亚英语具有明显的伦敦口音特征。4What does the text mainly tell us?AWho came to Australia first?BHow Australia was colonized?CHow Australian English was formed?DWhat the earliest language in Australia was?解析：选 C 主旨大意题。综合全文可知，文章主要说明澳大利亚英语的形成过程。BIn an age when technology is everywhere, its not surprising that even

32、 young children are getting into the action. The iPad was released six years ago. This tablet computer from Apple has a large, multitouch screen that kids can play learning games on.Sure toddlers can operate an iPad, but at what age is it safe to let them use it? According to the American Academy of

33、 Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all. This includes not only television but also other electronics, such as computers, cellphones, video games and tablets, including the iPad. During the first two years of life, childrens brains are growing significantly and it

34、can be confusing for them to tell the differences between the real world and what they are seeing on the screen. After age 2, an iPad is fine in moderation (适度) Using the iPad can have benefits for kids. In a twoweek study conducted by PBS, involving children 3 to 7, it was found that educational ap

35、ps can improve a childs vocabulary by as much as 31 percent in two weeks. Ann Densmore, an expert in speech and language development, said in an article on Harvard Health that there are even iPad apps that are helpful for children in speech and language therapy (治疗)While there are some benefits to c

36、hildren using an iPad as an educational tool, there are also some disadvantages to be aware of. No electronic device can replace the role of human interaction. Its important that young children learn by doing and not by watching. Also an iPad can be addictive (上瘾的 ) when used too much. Even though i

37、ts OK for 2yearolds to use an iPad, children up to the age of 3 will learn better from real world experiences than from any type of electronics, especially when it comes to language.When parents decide to let their children start using the iPad, its important that they establish some rules and limit

38、ations .语篇解读：小孩子使用平板电脑有利也有弊，父母应该对孩子使用平板电脑进行监管和控制。5The American Academy of Pediatrics shows that _.Aparents usually let kids over two use an iPadBiPads arent different from other electronicsCkids usually use an iPad in moderationDkids under two shouldnt use an iPad解析：选 D 细节理解题。根据第二段的 “According to th

39、e American Academy of Pediatrics, children under the age of 2 should have no screen time at all.”可知，未满两岁的小孩不应该使用平板电脑。6What does the study conducted by PBS mainly show?AEducational apps are popular with kids.BUsing an iPad can help kids learn words.CKids can improve vocabulary in various ways.DAn iPa

40、d is used in speech and language therapy.解析：选 B 细节理解题。根据第三段的 “In a twoweek study . in two weeks.”可知，这个研究表明，小孩可以用平板电脑学习单词。7What is the authors attitude toward kids using an iPad to learn language?AInterested. BFavourable.CCritical. DCompletely against.解析：选 C 观点态度题。根据第四段的 “Even though its OK . comes t

41、o language.”可知，作者认为小孩通过现实生活学习语言更好，故作者对小孩通过平板电脑学习语言是持批判态度的。8The text is probably followed by _.Ahow children use an iPadBthe authors opinion on iPadsCwhy children love using an iPadDsome detailed rules and limitations解析：选 D 推理判断题。根据最后一段的 “its important that they establish some rules and limitations”可

42、知，接下来应该会给出一些具体的规则和限制。CSmoking costs the economy more than $1 trillion a year around the world, and will kill one third more people by 2030 than it does now. Thats what a study by the World Health Organization found.“It is responsible for over D|S1 trillion in health care costs and lost productivity

43、(生产力) each year，” said the study, which came out in a magazine. That cost is far more than profits from tobacco taxes, which were at about D|S269 billion worldwide in 20132014.“The number of deaths caused by smoking tobacco (烟草) is to increase from about 6 million deaths yearly to about 8 million ye

44、arly by 2030, with more than 80 percent of these taking place in lowand middleincome countries，” the study said. Around 80 percent of smokers live in such countries. Health experts say tobacco use is the single biggest cause of death that can be prevented around the world.The economic costs are expe

45、cted to continue to rise, and although governments have the tools to reduce tobacco use and deaths caused by it, most have fallen far short of using those tools in a satisfying way, said the 688page report.Governments spent less than D|S1 billion on tobacco control in 20132014, according to a WHO re

46、port. Governments fears that tobacco control will have an adverse economic influence are not supported by the evidence. The science is clear; the time for action is now.Cheap and effective policies included increasing tobacco taxes and prices, better smokefree policies, complete bans on tobacco comp

47、any marketing, and more warning labels.Tobacco control meanwhile is reaching a difficult point because of a trade dispute (纠纷) brought by three countries against Australias strict “plain packaging”laws, which ensure the same simple designs on tobacco products. The World Trade Organization is expecte

48、d to deal with the dispute. Australias policy is being closely watched by other countries that are considering similar policies, the study said.语篇解读：世界卫生组织的报告表明，吸烟给全球经济造成了很大的损害。相比于现在，到 2030 年因吸烟而死亡的人数将会比现在多三分之一。9What do we learn from Paragraph 2 about smoking worldwide?APeople in highincome countries are less likely to smoke.BSmoking will kill 20% of people in highincome countries.CThe number of smokers is increasing quickly worldwide.DPeople in middleincome countries smoke more than those in poor ones.解